The specific objective to be achieved in this study is to apply the physical literacy model in learning physical education, sports, and health in elementary schools (PJOK SD). With the implementation ...of the physical literacy model in PJOK SD learning, it is hoped that there will be an increase in the quality of physical activity with moderate to high intensity (MVPA/Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity) with the added value of specific goals from physical literacy. The research method to achieve the research objectives was an experimental pretest-posttest control group design. The research subjects to develop instruments for implementing the physical literacy model for SD PJOK learning were physical education experts, student development experts, sports coaching experts, and Physical Education teachers. While the research subjects to test the instrument's reliability were fifth-grade elementary school students in the Surabaya area. Research data collection used tools developed based on literature studies on physical literacy models, FGD (Focus Group Discussion), and trials. Data analysis based on the nature and descriptive statistical research design, paired sample t-test, and independent sample test t-test. The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between the pretest and posttest results in the control group. There was a substantial difference between the pretest and posttest results in the experimental group. There was no significant difference between the pretest results of the control group and the experimental group. However, looking at the mean between the control and experimental groups, there tends to be an increase in the experimental group. These results can help parents, trainers, and educators, especially PJOK SD teachers, conduct coaching and movement education for elementary school students. In addition, it is expected to be able to develop the competence of elementary school students as a whole.
Cognitive deficits have been commonly observed in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD), including memory, attention, and executive function difficulties. The present study ...evaluates the specific cognitive deficits in Chinese children with DCD, through a number of tests. A total of 401 children aged 7 to 10 years old from primary schools in Guangdong Province, China, participated in this study. Using the guidelines of the
("Movement ABC-2"), a measurement tool of motor function ability, the children were divided into a DCD group, a group identified as being at risk of DCD, and a normal control group. The results of our analysis revealed that children's overall motor abilities could predict their overall cognitive ability, reaction time, memory, and attention. The performance of the DCD children was worse than that of the other two groups in terms of reaction time. The DCD group also returned lower scores for executive function than the normal control group did. A regression analysis showed that the cognitive deficits in children with DCD center mainly on poor executive function rather than attention and memory issues. These findings provide preliminary results regarding the cognitive deficits in Chinese children with DCD and have potential applications for the diagnosis and treatment of the disorder.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Eine frühzeitige Identifikation von motorischen Defiziten im Kindergartenalter kann durch gezielte Interventionen den Entwicklungsverlauf von betroffenen Kindern ...verbessern. Aktuell gibt es in Österreich keine offiziellen standardisierten, normreferenzierten Tests oder Richtlinien, welche ein frühzeitiges Erkennen von motorischen Beeinträchtigungen bei Kindergartenkindern unterstützen bzw. gewährleisten. Das Ziel dieser Studie war eine Erhebung des Ist-Standes zum aktuellen Umgang mit der Identifikation motorischer Defizite bei Kindern in Tiroler Kindergärten.
Methodik
Zur Datenerhebung wurde ein quantitativer Fragebogen erstellt, welcher mittels qualitativer Pre-Tests überprüft und optimiert wurde.
Ergebnisse
Die Datenauswertung erfolgte vorwiegend deskriptiv. Unterschiede in Gruppenvergleichen wurden mittels induktiver statistischer Verfahren auf Signifikanzen überprüft. 223 Kindegartenpädagog:innen aus Tirol nahmen zwischen Dezember 2020 und Ende Januar 2021 an dieser Studie teil. Über 97 % der befragten Personen schätzten eine frühzeitige Identifikation von motorischen Defiziten als wichtig ein. Unsere Daten zeigen, dass > 75 % der Pädagog:innen ihre Beobachtungen der täglichen Aktivität des Kindes dokumentieren, allerdings derzeit kein einheitlicher Prozess zur Beobachtung, Beurteilung und Dokumentation der motorischen Entwicklung vorliegt. Es konnten einige Hindernisse für den Einsatz standardisierter Assessments aus kindergartenpädagogischer Sicht identifiziert werden. Über 80 % der Teilnehmer:innen wünschen sich Unterstützung durch externes Fachpersonal.
Schlussfolgerung
Neben Fortbildungen für Kindergartenpädagog:innen zur Anwendung standardisierter Assessments zur Beurteilung der motorischen Entwicklung würden sich Pilotprojekte zur Umsetzung von Screenings durch Physiotherapeut:innen für künftige Forschungsprojekte eignen.
•24-month-olds detect semantic inconsistencies in everyday visual scenes.•Perceptual features have stronger influence on gaze allocation in toddlers than in adults.•Vocabulary skills influence ...eye-movement allocation during scene viewing.•Language skills influence cognitive but not perceptual gaze guidance in toddlers
Conceptual representations of everyday scenes are built in interaction with visual environment and these representations guide our visual attention. Perceptual features and object-scene semantic consistency have been found to attract our attention during scene exploration. The present study examined how visual attention in 24-month-old toddlers is attracted by semantic violations and how perceptual features (i. e. saliency, centre distance, clutter and object size) and linguistic properties (i. e. object label frequency and label length) affect gaze distribution. We compared eye movements of 24-month-old toddlers and adults while exploring everyday scenes which either contained an inconsistent (e.g., soap on a breakfast table) or consistent (e.g., soap in a bathroom) object. Perceptual features such as saliency, centre distance and clutter of the scene affected looking times in the toddler group during the whole viewing time whereas looking times in adults were affected only by centre distance during the early viewing time. Adults looked longer to inconsistent than consistent objects either if the objects had a high or a low saliency. In contrast, toddlers presented semantic consistency effect only when objects were highly salient. Additionally, toddlers with lower vocabulary skills looked longer to inconsistent objects while toddlers with higher vocabulary skills look equally long to both consistent and inconsistent objects. Our results indicate that 24-month-old children use scene context to guide visual attention when exploring the visual environment. However, perceptual features have a stronger influence in eye movement guidance in toddlers than in adults. Our results also indicate that language skills influence cognitive but not perceptual guidance of eye movements during scene perception in toddlers.
In recent decades, social movement scholars have expanded our understanding of 'terrorism' by analyzing a particular trajectory, movement to armed group, whereby movement demobilization spurs armed ...struggle. This article analyzes an alternative trajectory: armed group to movement. Once armed struggle's limitations become apparent, armed groups often adopt an attritional military strategy suited to their capacities. To securely wage an attritional campaign, groups disembed through the adoption of insular structures, removing them from their milieux and from recruits and resources needed for organizational reproduction. To offset this, armed groups reembed through the development of politico-military movement structures: forming allied aboveground movement organizations; coordinating armed and unarmed activism; and creating a 'movement' identity. This offsets disembedding in three ways. First, collective action augments armed groups' violence by expanding the struggle into new domains. Second, mobilized support provides armed groups political legitimacy, countering the 'terrorist' label. Third, aboveground movement organizations assist in recruitment, alliance-formation, public communication, and mobilization, facilitating armed groups' organizational reproduction. This paper investigates the strategic decision to adopt movement structures by analyzing documents produced by militants linked to the IRA and to rival ETAs, ETA Politico-Military and ETA Military, allowing for the exploration of different aspects of the decision to adopt movement structures. From Irish republican texts, insights into the basic benefits of movement development are gleaned. Basque separatist documents, on the other hand, provide perspectives on the nature of interorganizational centralization and coordination within politico-military movements.
Coordination between perception and action is required to interact with the environment successfully. This is already trained by very young infants who perform spontaneous movements to learn how ...their body interacts with the environment. The strategies used by the infants for this purpose change with age. Therefore, very early progresses in action control made by the infants can be investigated by monitoring the development of spontaneous motor activity. In this paper, an objective method is introduced, which allows the quantitative evaluation of the development of spontaneous motor activity in newborns. The introduced methodology is based on the acquisition of spontaneous movement trajectories of the feet by 3D movement analysis and subsequent calculation of specific movement parameters from them. With these movement-based parameters, it was possible to provide an objective description of age-dependent developmental steps in healthy newborns younger than 6 months. Furthermore, it has been shown that pathologies like infantile cerebral palsy influence development of motor activity significantly. Since the introduced methodology is objective and quantitative, it is suitable to monitor how newborns train their cognitive processes, which will enable them to cope with their environment by motor interaction.
This study presents the development process and initial validation of the NyTid test, a process-oriented movement assessment tool for compulsory school pupils. A sample of 1,260 (627 girls and 633 ...boys; mean age of 14.39) Swedish school children participated in the study. In the first step, exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) were performed in Sample 1, consisting of one third of the participants. The EFA indicated that the 17 skills in the test could be reduced to 12 and divided into four factors. In the second step, the suggested factor structure was cross-validated with confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) in the larger Sample 2. The NyTid test adopts a holistic perspective in which qualitative criteria offer an alternative approach to product-oriented measurement. The study confirms that the NyTid test is a valid process-oriented assessment tool designed for typically developed children aged 12 and 16.
Previous work has described human reflexive grasp patterns in early infancy and visually guided reaching and grasping in late infancy. There has been no examination of hand movements in the ...intervening period. This was the purpose of the present study. We video recorded the spontaneous hand and digit movements made by alert infants over their first 5 months of age. Over this period, spontaneous hand and digit movements developed from fists to almost continuous, vacuous movements and then to self-directed grasping movements. Amongst the many hand and digit movements observed, four grasping patterns emerged during this period: fists, pre-precision grips associated with numerous digit postures, precision grips including the pincer grasp, and self-directed grasps. The finding that a wide range of independent digit movements and grasp patterns are displayed spontaneously by infants within their first 5 months of age is discussed in relation to the development of the motor system, including the suggestion that direct connections of the pyramidal tract are functional relatively early in infancy. It is also suggested that
hand babbling, consisting of first vacuous and then self-directed movements, is preparatory to targeted reaching.
Baby-Shiatsu als Ergänzung zur osteopathischen Babybehandlung findet eine zunehmende Akzeptanz bei Osteopathen. Dies ist darauf zurückzuführen, dass die strukturbezogene Arbeit des Osteopathen sich ...ideal mit der aus der traditionellen chinesischen und japanischen Medizin entstammenden energetischen Arbeit vereinbaren lässt.
Grundlage von Baby-Shiatsu bildet das Modell der energetischen Entwicklung eines Kindes 1, 2. Dieses Modell besagt, dass die Energiebahnen des Körpers (Meridiane) ein Kommunikationsnetzwerk darstellen, welches das Kind mit seiner Außenwelt verbindet. Dies ermöglicht die Integration von Reflexen und Reizen. Somit sind die Meridiane für die Entwicklung von Haltung, Bewegung, Persönlichkeits- und Verhaltensmuster eines Kindes zuständig.
Am Beispiel der energetischen Entwicklung im Zusammenhang mit der motorischen Entwicklung wird deren gegenseitige Beeinflussung dargestellt und anhand eines Behandlungsbeispiels beschrieben.
Baby-Shiatsu is gaining acceptance as a supplementary treatment by more and more Osteopaths. We can contribute this to the fact that structural work combines ideally with traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine which is concerned with energetic development.
The basis of Baby Shiatsu is the model of energetic development 1, 2 which theorizes that the energy lines of the body called meridians are a communication network which connects the child to the outside world. This network makes the integration of reflexes and stimulation possible. In other words, the meridians are responsible for the development of posture, movement, personality and behaviour patterns.
An example of the energetic development of a child and at the same time the development of movement describes the influence they have on each other and the necessary treatment.
Motor assessment is an important tool in diagnosis and intervention for children. Ideally, the lens used in assessment is based on a dynamic, developmental paradigm that supports functional ...adaptability. The main purpose of this paper is to describe challenges of movement assessment in children under 5 years of age who have developmental delays. Key issues in motor development using qualitative, developmental descriptors stemming from the fields of dance and movement contribute to a motor observation tool under development. We observed 20 children during motor assessments and play sessions at a hospital clinic. We found that the children with developmental delays were compromised in their midline organization and their ability to move in relationship to gravity. A multi-level approach to movement assessment and treatment is recommended for children with developmental delays. The basic concepts of midline and weight sensing are essential in dance/movement-based supervision, and for our personal growth as movers.
PDF
