This article is a review of recent researches on digital multitasking problem. Claiming that digital technologies are changing the traditional roles of a teacher and a student, we must clearly ...understand a kind of effects arised at the moment digital technologies are used in the classroom. Moreover, the methods of applying digital technologies for the success of students’ academic progress are not always obvious to the teacher himself. The goal of the research analysis on digital multitasking in education problem is to identify shifts in settings and accents from the operationalism methodology to attempts of application of analytical philosophy of consciousness methodology and / or postmodern philosophy. This allows us to analyze the intentions, motives of the educational process participants and thereby define new conceptual boundaries of digital multitasking.
Research showed mixed findings regarding the relationships between daily multitasking experience and laboratory multitasking performance. One measurement issue was the low reliability and validity of ...using a single measurement for daily multitasking experience. Another measurement issue was the popular use of simple laboratory paradigms that may or may not capture well cognitive processes underlying real-life multitasking. The current study revisited the relationship between daily multitasking experience and multitasking performance with a better design. Multiple measurements were used to ensure good reliability and validity. This included a mobile phone task switching measurement—an arguably better proxy for daily multitasking experience and three realistic multitasking paradigms that mimic real life multitasking situations. The results showed that (1) phone switching was not significantly associated with the media multitasking index, suggesting that they were measuring different aspects of multitasking experience; (2) indicators of the multitasking performance were moderately correlated among themselves, suggesting that different realistic multitasking paradigms were measuring overlapping multitasking abilities; and, intriguingly, (3) no significant association between multitasking experience and performance indicators was found. One possibility is that people can only benefit from daily multitasking practice when they engaged in daily multitasking activities with an intention to improve the performance. Other possibilities and implications were also discussed.
The ability to support multitasking becomes more and more important in the development of graphic processing unit (GPU). GPU multitasking methods are classified into three types: temporal ...multitasking, spatial multitasking, and simultaneous multitasking (SMK). This article first introduces the features of some commercial GPU architectures to support multitasking and the common metrics used for evaluating the performance of GPU multitasking methods, and then reviews the GPU multitasking methods supported by hardware architecture (i.e., hardware GPU multitasking methods). The main problems of each type of hardware GPU multitasking methods to be solved are illustrated. Meanwhile, the key idea of each previous hardware GPU multitasking method is introduced. In addition, the characteristics of hardware GPU multitasking methods belonging to the same type are compared. This article also gives some valuable suggestions for the future research. An enhanced GPU simulator is needed to bridge the gap between academia and industry. In addition, it is promising to expand the research space with machine learning technologies, advanced GPU architectural innovations, 3D stacked memory, etc. Because most previous GPU multitasking methods are based on NVIDIA GPUs, this article focuses on NVIDIA GPU architecture, and uses NVIDIA's terminology. To our knowledge, this article is the first survey about hardware GPU multitasking methods. We believe that our survey can help the readers gain insights into the research field of hardware GPU multitasking methods.
When addressing constrained multiobjective optimization problems (CMOPs) via evolutionary algorithms, various constraints and multiple objectives need to be satisfied and optimized simultaneously, ...which causes difficulties for the solver. In this article, an evolutionary multitasking (EMT)-based constrained multiobjective optimization (EMCMO) framework is developed to solve CMOPs. In EMCMO, the optimization of a CMOP is transformed into two related tasks: one task is for the original CMOP, and the other task is only for the objectives by ignoring all constraints. The main purpose of the second task is to continuously provide useful knowledge of objectives to the first task, thus facilitating solving the CMOP. Specially, the genes carried by parent individuals or offspring individuals are dynamically regarded as useful knowledge due to the different complementarities of the two tasks. Moreover, the useful knowledge is found by the designed tentative method and transferred to improve the performance of the two tasks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to use EMT to solve CMOPs. To verify the performance of EMCMO, an instance of EMCMO is obtained by employing a genetic algorithm as the optimizer. Comprehensive experiments are conducted on four benchmark test suites to verify the effectiveness of knowledge transfer. Furthermore, compared with other state-of-the-art constrained multiobjective optimization algorithms, EMCMO can produce better or at least comparable performance.
In this work, we consider multitasking in the context of solving multiple optimization problems simultaneously by conducting a single search process. The principal goal when dealing with this ...scenario is to dynamically exploit the existing complementarities among the problems (tasks) being optimized, helping each other through the exchange of valuable knowledge. Additionally, the emerging paradigm of evolutionary multitasking tackles multitask optimization scenarios by using biologically inspired concepts drawn from swarm intelligence and evolutionary computation. The main purpose of this survey is to collect, organize, and critically examine the abundant literature published so far in evolutionary multitasking, with an emphasis on the methodological patterns followed when designing new algorithmic proposals in this area (namely, multifactorial optimization and multipopulation-based multitasking). We complement our critical analysis with an identification of challenges that remain open to date, along with promising research directions that can leverage the potential of biologically inspired algorithms for multitask optimization. Our discussions held throughout this manuscript are offered to the audience as a reference of the general trajectory followed by the community working in this field in recent times, as well as a self-contained entry point for newcomers and researchers interested to join this exciting research avenue.
Humans rarely tackle every problem from scratch. Given this observation, the motivation for this paper is to improve optimization performance through adaptive knowledge transfer across related ...problems. The scope for spontaneous transfers under the simultaneous occurrence of multiple problems unveils the benefits of multitasking. Multitask optimization has recently demonstrated competence in solving multiple (related) optimization tasks concurrently. Notably, in the presence of underlying relationships between problems, the transfer of high-quality solutions across them has shown to facilitate superior performance characteristics. However, in the absence of any prior knowledge about the intertask synergies (as is often the case with general black-box optimization), the threat of predominantly negative transfer prevails. Susceptibility to negative intertask interactions can impede the overall convergence behavior. To allay such fears, in this paper, we propose a novel evolutionary computation framework that enables online learning and exploitation of the similarities (and discrepancies) between distinct tasks in multitask settings, for an enhanced optimization process. Our proposal is based on the principled theoretical arguments that seek to minimize the tendency of harmful interactions between tasks, based on a purely data-driven learning of relationships among them. The efficacy of our proposed method is validated experimentally on a series of synthetic benchmarks, as well as a practical study that provides insights into the behavior of the method in the face of several tasks occurring at once.
Keywords: 5-HT.sub.1A; behavior; brain ischemia; cannabidiol; CB.sub.1; CB.sub.2; PPAR-gamma An ever-increasing body of preclinical studies has shown the multifaceted neuroprotective profile of ...cannabidiol (CBD) against impairments caused by cerebral ischemia. In this study, we have explored the neuropharmacological mechanisms of CBD action and its impact on functional recovery using a model of transient global cerebral ischemia in mice. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) for 20 min and received vehicle or CBD (10 mg/Kg) 0.5 hr before and 3, 24, and 48 hr after reperfusion. To investigate the neuropharmacological mechanisms of CBD, the animals were injected with CB.sub.1 (AM251, 1 mg/kg), CB.sub.2 (AM630, 1 mg/kg), 5-HT.sub.1A (WAY-100635, 10 mg/kg), or PPAR-gamma (GW9662, 3 mg/kg) receptor antagonists 0.5 hr prior to each injection of CBD. The animals were evaluated using a multi-task testing battery that included the open field, elevated zero maze, Y-maze (YM), and forced swim test. CBD prevented anxiety-like behavior, memory impairments, and despair-like behaviors induced by BCCAO in mice. The anxiolytic-like effects of CBD in BCCAO mice were attenuated by CB.sub.1, CB.sub.2, 5-HT.sub.1A, and PPAR-gamma receptor antagonists. In the YM, both CBD and the CB.sub.1 receptor antagonist AM251 increased the exploration of the novel arm in ischemic animals, indicating beneficial effects of these treatments in the spatial memory performance. Together, these findings indicate the involvement of CB.sub.1, CB.sub.2, 5-HT.sub.1A, and PPAR-gamma receptors in the functional recovery induced by CBD in BCCAO mice. Article Note: Marco Aurelio Mori and Erika Meyer contributed equally to this study. Edited by Dr. Bita Moghaddam Byline: Marco Aurelio Mori, Erika Meyer, Francielly F. Silva, Humberto Milani, Francisco Silveira Guimaraes, Rubia Maria Weffort Oliveira
The design of evolutionary algorithms has typically been focused on efficiently solving a single optimization problem at a time. Despite the implicit parallelism of population-based search, no ...attempt has yet been made to multitask, i.e., to solve multiple optimization problems simultaneously using a single population of evolving individuals. Accordingly, this paper introduces evolutionary multitasking as a new paradigm in the field of optimization and evolutionary computation. We first formalize the concept of evolutionary multitasking and then propose an algorithm to handle such problems. The methodology is inspired by biocultural models of multifactorial inheritance, which explain the transmission of complex developmental traits to offspring through the interactions of genetic and cultural factors. Furthermore, we develop a cross-domain optimization platform that allows one to solve diverse problems concurrently. The numerical experiments reveal several potential advantages of implicit genetic transfer in a multitasking environment. Most notably, we discover that the creation and transfer of refined genetic material can often lead to accelerated convergence for a variety of complex optimization functions.
The fruitful progress toward light manipulation in reflective (R) or transmissive (T) geometry (half‐space) has facilitated strong aspiration towards full‐space wave control. Although R–T synergistic ...strategy promises large‐capacity and integrated functionality, it imposes difficulty and challenges for direction of arrival (DoA) in full space via an ultrathin flat device. As of today, very limited demonstrations are reported for single‐wavelength and linear‐polarization operation in full space, significantly limiting the exploitable degrees of freedom (DoFs) for real‐world applications. Herein, a triple‐layer wavelength‐direction multitasking scheme for wide‐angle and large‐capacity DoA is reported, which is pivotal for blind‐free radar detection. By engineering two anisotropic sub‐meta‐atoms with high quality factor and simultaneous in‐plane and out‐of‐plane symmetry breaking, four R and two T spin‐conversion channels are achieved in wide‐angle operation with high efficiency and insulation. Above features and released DoFs would be extraordinarily beneficial for large‐capability and angle‐engineered advanced applications. Two proof‐of‐concept metadevices, i.e., a large‐scanning kaleidoscopic‐beam generator and a wide‐angle reverser for multi‐target tracking, are devised to verify the significance. Numerical and experimental results show predesigned functions at six channels with measured efficiency over 75%. The findings in achieving multi‐DoF multitasking can stimulate great interest in radar applications with versatile forming beams and multi‐channel integration.
The fruitful progress toward light manipulation in reflective or transmissive geometry has facilitated strong aspiration toward full‐space wave control. Herein, a triple‐layer wavelength‐direction multitasking scheme for large‐capability and angle‐engineered advanced spin wave control is reported, which is pivotal for blind‐free radar detection. A large‐scanning kaleidoscopic‐beam generator and a wide‐angle reverser for multi‐target tracking are devised to verify the significance.
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