Photothermal ablation of primary tumors with single‐walled carbon nanotubes is demonstrated to be able to trigger significant adaptive immune responses, which are not observed if tumors are removed ...by surgical resection. Such a treatment in combination with anti‐CTLA‐4 antibody therapy is able to prevent the development of tumor metastasis, which is a major cause of cancer death.
Nanotechnology is an advanced field of science having the ability to solve the variety of environmental challenges by controlling the size and shape of the materials at a nanoscale. Carbon ...nanomaterials are unique because of their nontoxic nature, high surface area, easier biodegradation, and particularly useful environmental remediation. Heavy metal contamination in water is a major problem and poses a great risk to human health. Carbon nanomaterials are getting more and more attention due to their superior physicochemical properties that can be exploited for advanced treatment of heavy metal-contaminated water. Carbon nanomaterials namely carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, graphene, graphene oxide, and activated carbon have great potential for removal of heavy metals from water because of their large surface area, nanoscale size, and availability of different functionalities and they are easier to be chemically modified and recycled. In this article, we have reviewed the recent advancements in the applications of these carbon nanomaterials in the treatment of heavy metal-contaminated water and have also highlighted their application in environmental remediation. Toxicological aspects of carbon-based nanomaterials have also been discussed.
A facile wet chemical synthesis method was used to prepare a range of single-crystal Na(Y1.5Na0.5)F6 nanorods with controllable aspect ratios. Their novel multicolor upconversion (UC) fluorescence ...has been successfully realized by doping Yb3+/Er3+ (green) and Yb3+/Tm3+ (blue) ion pairs. When doped with Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions, the strong red and green downconversion (DC) fluorescence has also been observed, respectively. Being covered with oleic acids, these luminescent nanorods have been transparently dispersed in nonpolar solvent. For their unique luminescence and controllable morphology and surface properties, these nanorods may find great applications in the fields of color displays, biolabels, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), optical storage, optoelectronics, anticounterfeiting, and solid-state lasers.
Over the recent years, numerical modelling and computer-based simulation of the properties of carbon nanotubes have become the focal points of research in computational nano-science and its ...associated fields of computational condensed matter physics and materials modelling. Modelling of the mechanical, thermal and transport properties of nanotubes via numerical simulations forms the central part of this research, concerned with the nano-scale mechanics and nano-scale thermodynamics of nanotubes, and nano-scale adsorption, storage and flow properties in nanotubes. A review of these properties, obtained via computational modelling studies, is presented here. We first introduce the physics of carbon nanotubes, and then present the computational simulation tools that are appropriate for conducting a modelling study at the nano-scales. These include the molecular dynamics (MD), the Monte Carlo (MC), and the ab initio MD simulation methods. A complete range of inter-atomic potentials, of two-body and many-body varieties, that underlie all the modelling studies considered in this review is also given. Mechanical models from continuum-based elasticity theory that have been extensively employed in computing the energetics of nanotubes, or interpret the results from atomistic modelling, are presented and discussed. These include models based on the continuum theory of curved plates, shells, vibrating rods and bending beams. The validity of these continuum-based models has also been examined and the conditions under which they are applicable to nanotube modelling have been listed. Pertinent concepts from continuum theories of stress analysis are included, and the relevant methods for conducting the computation of the stress tensor, elastic constants and elastic modulii at the atomic level are also given. We then survey a comprehensive range of modelling studies concerned with the adsorption and storage of gases, and flow of fluids, in carbon nanotubes of various types. This is then followed by an extensive survey of the numerical modelling investigations that have addressed the mechanical and thermal properties of these structures. The survey of modelling studies is supplemented by reviews of experimental investigations, where appropriate, to help clarify their results.
Enzymatic Degradation of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Zhao, Yong; Allen, Brett L; Star, Alexander
The journal of physical chemistry. A, Molecules, spectroscopy, kinetics, environment, & general theory,
09/2011, Volume:
115, Issue:
34
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Because of their unique properties, carbon nanotubes and, in particular, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) have been used for the development of advanced composite and catalyst materials. Despite ...their growing commercial applications and increased production, the potential environmental and toxicological impacts of MWNTs are not fully understood; however, many reports suggest that they may be toxic. Therefore, a need exists to develop protocols for effective and safe degradation of MWNTs. In this article, we investigated the effect of chemical functionalization of MWNTs on their enzymatic degradation with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). We investigated HRP/H2O2 degradation of purified, oxidized, and nitrogen-doped MWNTs and proposed a layer-by-layer degradation mechanism of nanotubes facilitated by side wall defects. These results provide a better understanding of the interaction between HRP and carbon nanotubes and suggest an eco-friendly way of mitigating the environmental impact of nanotubes.
Thermal tumor ablation therapies are being developed with a variety of nanomaterials, including single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted interest due to their ...potential for simultaneous imaging and therapy. In this review, we highlight in vivo applications of carbon nanotube-mediated thermal therapy (CNMTT) and examine the rationale for use of this treatment in recurrent tumors or those resistant to conventional cancer therapies. Additionally, we discuss strategies to localize and enhance the cancer selectivity of this treatment and briefly examine issues relating the toxicity and long term fate of CNTs.
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Biosensing with Fluorescent Carbon Nanotubes Ackermann, Julia; Metternich, Justus T.; Herbertz, Svenja ...
Angewandte Chemie (International ed.),
April 25, 2022, Volume:
61, Issue:
18
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Biosensors are powerful tools for modern basic research and biomedical diagnostics. Their development requires substantial input from the chemical sciences. Sensors or probes with an optical readout, ...such as fluorescence, offer rapid, minimally invasive sensing of analytes with high spatial and temporal resolution. The near‐infrared (NIR) region is beneficial because of the reduced background and scattering of biological samples (tissue transparency window) in this range. In this context, single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have emerged as versatile NIR fluorescent building blocks for biosensors. Here, we provide an overview of advances in SWCNT‐based NIR fluorescent molecular sensors. We focus on chemical design strategies for diverse analytes and summarize insights into the photophysics and molecular recognition. Furthermore, different application areas are discussed—from chemical imaging of cellular systems and diagnostics to in vivo applications and perspectives for the future.
Optical biosensors are important tools for basic research and non‐invasive diagnostics. Carbon nanotubes are versatile near‐infrared fluorescent and non‐bleaching materials that can be chemically functionalized to detect a broad variety of biomolecules. This Review highlights chemical design strategies and provides a comprehensive overview of the recent developments in this dynamic field.
Carbon Nanotube Chemical Sensors Schroeder, Vera; Savagatrup, Suchol; He, Maggie ...
Chemical reviews,
01/2019, Volume:
119, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) promise to advance a number of real-world technologies. Of these applications, they are particularly attractive for uses in chemical sensors for environmental and health ...monitoring. However, chemical sensors based on CNTs are often lacking in selectivity, and the elucidation of their sensing mechanisms remains challenging. This review is a comprehensive description of the parameters that give rise to the sensing capabilities of CNT-based sensors and the application of CNT-based devices in chemical sensing. This review begins with the discussion of the sensing mechanisms in CNT-based devices, the chemical methods of CNT functionalization, architectures of sensors, performance parameters, and theoretical models used to describe CNT sensors. It then discusses the expansive applications of CNT-based sensors to multiple areas including environmental monitoring, food and agriculture applications, biological sensors, and national security. The discussion of each analyte focuses on the strategies used to impart selectivity and the molecular interactions between the selector and the analyte. Finally, the review concludes with a brief outlook over future developments in the field of chemical sensors and their prospects for commercialization.
Carbon Nanotubes in Perovskite Solar Cells Habisreutinger, Severin N.; Nicholas, Robin J.; Snaith, Henry J.
Advanced energy materials,
May 24, 2017, Volume:
7, Issue:
10
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The remarkable optoelectronic properties of hybrid halide perovskite absorbers have, in the past years, made the perovskite solar cell one of the most promising emerging photovoltaic technologies. ...The charge collecting layers are essential parts of this type of solar cell. Carbon nanotubes have emerged as a potential candidate to take on this role. Equipped with a range of highly beneficial properties including excellent charge transport characteristics, chemical inertness, as well as mechanical robustness, carbon nanotubes are able to both efficiently extract photogenerated charges, and improve the resilience and stability of a perovskite solar cell. Here, a concise overview of the current state‐of‐the‐art of perovskite solar cells, in which carbon nanotubes are incorporated as a charge conduction layer, is provided.
Carbon nanotubes are increasingly growing into their role as successful charge‐collection layers in perovskite solar cells. Their unique mechanical and chemical resilience combined with excellent charge transport characteristics sets them apart from conventional charge collection materials. Recent efforts that exploit these properties are described and the way forward is discussed.
► The adsorption capacity of PAC and chitosan was greater than that of CNTs. ► The adsorption of Cr(VI) was found to be favored at low pH. ► The anions resulted in negative effects on Cr(VI) ...adsorption.
The adsorption behavior of ppb-level aqueous solutions of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) on four different adsorbents was investigated as a function of pH, contact time, initial Cr(VI) concentration, adsorbent dose, and the copresence of competing anions. The adsorbents selected were powered activated carbon (PAC), chitosan, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). Each adsorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and measurements of zeta potential to determine its suitability for Cr(VI) adsorption. The adsorption of Cr(VI) was found to be favored at low pH because all adsorbents were positively charged under acidic conditions (pH 4), while a dosage of 100mg/L resulted in efficient adsorption behavior. PAC and chitosan provided the best removal performance. The highly functionalized and porous PAC and the protonated amines on chitosan enabled a better performance and resulted in high Cr(VI) removal efficiencies of 99.4% and 94.7%, respectively, while the removal efficiencies of SWNTs and MWNTs were 72.9% and 51.9%, respectively. Isotherm and kinetic studies were undertaken to evaluate the characteristics of the Cr(VI) adsorption process. A well-fitted Langmuir isotherm model suggested that monolayer adsorption was the main process operating with an adsorption capacity (qm) of 46.9, 35.6, 20.3, and 2.48mg/g for PAC, chitosan, SWNTs, and MWNTs, respectively. Pseudo second-order fitted models revealed the importance of kinetic parameters (apart from adsorption capacity) in understanding the transport of Cr(VI) in the solution, while an intra-particle diffusion model fitted well for μg/L levels of Cr(VI) adsorption. This indicated that both physisorption and chemisorption were dominant, particularly for SWNTs. Anions such as Cl− and SO42- in the solution competed with HCrO4- and this phenomenon resulted in negative effects on Cr(VI) adsorption.
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