The aim of this study was to determine quantities of antibiotics used mainly or exclusively for urinary tract infections in Croatia between 2005 and 2014, to describe utilisation trends, and general ...consequences of antibiotic consumption on antimicrobial resistance.
Antibiotic utilisation data were obtained from annual reports of both the Croatian Drug Agency and Croatian Academy of Medical Sciences. Antibiotic consumption was expressed in DDD/1000 inhabitants/day (DDD TID). Antimicrobial resistance was analysed for E. coli, E. faecalis, E. faecium, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., P. mirabilis. Descriptive statistics were used to process data and calculate trends.
Overall, utilisation of antibacterials decreased by 4.8% (from 3,35 to 3,19 DDD TID), while trends of individual agents varied substantially - from 87% decline for ceftibuten to 160% rise for levofloxacin. The consumption of quinolones increased by 32.3%. This was mostly due to increased ciprofloxacin consumption (144% raise). Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim declined by 57%, while nitrofurantoin increased by 86%. The use of fosfomycin was marginal. Antimicrobial resistance of E. coli increased against quinolones by 54.5%, and against nitrofurantoin by 2-3%. Quinolone resistance of other pathogens (Klebiella spp, Proteus mirabilis), increased variably - between 17.2% (Klebsiella) and 90% (Proteus), while for P. aeruginosa remained the same at 22%.
High rates of antimicrobial utilisation require prescribing restrictions and educational interventions. The increased use of fluoroquinolones is a potentially serious public health threat due to the rapid development of resistance among uropathogens. This threat can be avoided by greater use of nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin.
Dealing with climate change means accepting tough tradeoffs: giving up certain energy sources, products, and conveniences, all of which have economic impacts. Politicians balk, but there are ...solutions. Roland Kupers turns to the new science of complexity to show how we can untangle a knotty global economy and start making progress.
In the last decade antibiotic usage in animal production systems has received a considerable public attention. The use, overuse and misuse of antibiotics provided an excellent environment for the ...selection and dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria and resistance genes across a wide diversity of bacteria, mainly through horizontal gene transfer. Resistance genes move between animal and human bacteria mainly through the food chain. Thus resistance generated in animal production environments could result in the loss of effectiveness of antibiotics used for the treatment of human diseases. The increasing threat of emerging bacterial pathogens resistant to a variety of antibiotics and the economic and human burden have moved the legislators in EU to ban antibiotic usage in animal food production as growth promoters in 2006 and recently proposed further non-binding recommendations to ban antibiotics for prophylactic use too. The costs for such actions will presumably be much lower in comparison to the costs of leaving the issue as it is. However, in non EU countries such measures have not been adopted yet. The mechanisms and examples of antibiotic resistance development and dissemination are described, focusing on antibiotics used both in human and veterinary medicine and animal food production.
V zadnjem desetletju je uporaba antibiotikov v živinoreji pritegnila pozornost širše javnosti. Nenadzorovana, prekomerna in nenamenska uporaba antibiotikov je, predvsem preko mehanizma horizontalnega prenosa genov, omogočila selekcijo in širjenje proti antibiotikom odpornih bakterij in genov z zapisi za odpornost. Prenos odpornih bakterij oziroma genov z zapisi za odpornost med človekom in živalmi poteka predvsem preko prehranjevalne verige. Posledično lahko odporne bakterije ali geni z zapisom za odpornost, ki izvirajo iz živinorejskega okolja, zmanjšajo učinkovitost zdravljenja bakterijskih okužb z antibiotiki pri človeku. Vse večja grožnja pojavljanja novih večkratno odpornih patogenih bakterij, ter kot posledica vpliv na zdravje ljudi in tudi ekonomska škoda, so pripeljali do odločitve Evropske skupnosti, da od leta 2006 prepove uporabo antibiotikov kot pospeševalcev rasti v živinoreji. Nedavno pa so sprejeli tudi priporočilo, po katerem naj se antibiotikov v živinoreji ne bi uporabljalo več niti za profilakso. V večini držav izven EU podobne zakonodaje še niso sprejeli. V tem preglednem članku so opisani primeri razvoja in pojavljanja odpornosti proti antibiotikom, ki se uporabljajo tako v humani medicini in veterini, kot posledica množične uporabe v živinoreji.
Field assessments of resistance to powdery mildew of 103 hop cultivars, analyses of hop essential oil and correlation between the score for powdery mildew and the relative percentage of essential oil ...compounds were performed over three years. Seven susceptibility markers (peaks 29 (methyl-5-methyl-hexanoate), 30 (myrcene), 34 (iso-amyl-iso-butyrate), 38 (1-8-cineole), 56 (methyl-octanoate), 88 (methyl decanoate) and 122 (undetermined peak)) and seven resistance markers (peaks 112 (santalene), 114 (germacrene-D), 118 (alpha-selinene), 138 (cariophylene epoxide), 26, 135 and 158 (undetermined peaks)) were selected from peaks with a positive or negative correlation between powdery mildew scores and their presence in the essential oil of extremely susceptible or resistance cultivars. The number and value of resistance/susceptibility markers decreased with an increase in the level of cultivar susceptibility/resistance. Susceptible cultivars mainly appeared to contain North American germplasm, while more resistant cultivars belong to European hops. Analysis of the presence/absence of the selected markers showed that the absence of susceptibility markers, particularly 30, 34 and 38, can be of practical value in resistance hop breeding.
V raziskavi so bila izvedena opazovanja poljske odpornosti 103 sort hmelja na hmeljevo pepelovko v treh letih, analizirana so bila eterična olja hmelja vseh sort z določenimi relativnimi deleži posameznih komponent ter njihove korelacije z oceno poljske odpornosti na hmeljevo pepelovko. Sedem markerjev, povezanih z občutljivostjo (vrhovi 29 (metil-5-metil-heksanoat), 30 (mircen), 34 (izo-amil-izo-butirat), 38 (1-8-cineol), 56 (metil-oktanoat), 88 (metil dekanoat) in 122 (nedeterminiran vrh)) in sedem povezanih z odpornostjo na hmeljevo pepelovko (piki 112 (santalen), 114 (germakren-D), 118 (alfa-selinen), 138 (kariofilen epoksid), 26, 135 in 158 (nedeterminirani piki)) so bili izbrani na osnovi pozitivnih ali negativnih korelacij s poljskimi ocenami odpornosti na hmeljevo pepelovko in prisotnostjo vrhov v eteričnem olju ekstremno občutljivih in odpornih sort. Število in vrednost markerjev povezanih z odpornostjo/občutljivostjo se je zmanjšala s povečanjem stopnje občutljivosti/odpornosti sort. Občutljive sorte na hmeljevo pepelovko večinoma vključujejo severnoameriško dednino, medtem ko odpornejše sorte izvirajo iz evropske dednine. Analiza prisotnosti/odsotnosti izbranih markerjev kaže na praktično uporabnost odsotnosti markerjev povezanih z občutljivostjo, zlasti 30, 34 in 38 v žlahtnjenju hmelja v smeri odpornosti na hmeljevo pepelovko.
Cieľom tohto textu je poukázať na „odpornosť“ knihy O gramatológii, ktorú tu stotožňujeme s odporom voči kritike (v texte ale implicitne pracujeme s obomi významami slova „odpor“). Prvý z týchto ...významov slova „odpor“ spájame s Derridovým neografizmom „restance“, a tým vlastne navrhujeme preklad tohto neografizmu do slovenčiny (odporovanie). Toto odporovanie súvisí s odolávaním voči pojmovosti, voči transparentnému prenosu významu. V závere hovoríme o istej radikálnosti takto poňatého odporu, ktorým sa kniha O gramatológii vyznačuje.
This paper aims to highlight “ugliness”, of which the book Of Grammatology is certainly not devoid. This ugliness is identified here with a resistance to critique (in the Slovak language the words meaning “ugliness” and “resistance” share a common root – “odpor” and “odpornosť”). It is resistance referring to a “rester”, to something that rests in its place without being penetrated by conceptuality, a transparent transport of the meaning. We propose a translation of Derrida’s term “restance” to Slovak. Contrary to what is often believed, we claim that Of Gramatology is more radically resistant – more silent.
Nous entendons de montrer dans notre texte que la « résistance » par laquelle se signale le livre De la grammatologie, identifiée ici avec la résistance envers la critique (tout en travaillant dans notre texte avec les deux significations de mot la « résistance »). Nous joignons la première signification du mot la « résistance » avec le néographisme derridien « restance » et par là nous proposons de traduire ce néographisme en slovaque comme « odporovanie ». Le mot slovaque « odporovanie » se relie à la résistance contre la conceptualité, contre la transposition transparente de la signification. Nous parlons à la fin de notre texte de la radicalité certaine de cette résistance, si caractéristique pour le livre De la grammatologie.
PDF
