This study aims to analyze the effect of combination of motor vehicle particular matter exposure and high-fat diet in kidney histopathology, creatinine levels, and MDA levels in Wistar rats. This ...study used a posttest-only control group design. Eighteen healthy male Wistar rats were divided into three groups. The intervention groups received motor vehicle fume exposure for 100 s with normal diet (X1) or high-fat diet (X2), and the control group received no exposure (C). Data analysis was processed with a SPSS 25.0 computer program by using the one-way ANOVA test followed by post hoc LSD. The degree of kidney histopathological damage showed significant differences between the X1 and X2 groups when compared with the control group (p < 0.05). The results of the creatinine level examination found a significant difference between the X2 and C groups (p < 0.05) and the treatment groups X1 and X2 (p < 0.05). The results of kidney MDA level examination showed a significant difference between the treatment groups (X1 and X2) and the control group (p < 0.05). The combination of particular matter of motor vehicle fumes exposure and high-fat diet could induce kidney damage through histopathological change and increased creatinine levels and kidney MDA levels in Wistar rats.
•Rock phosphate was a good amendment for reducing available toxic metals during composting.•The rock phosphate addition could enhance the transformation of bioavailable Cu to oxidizable ...Cu.•Exchangeable Zn decreased but the bioavailable Zn changed a little during composting.•pH and OM was responsible for the reduction in exchangeable and bioavailable Cu and exchangeable Zn.
Pig manure usually contains a large amount of metals, especially Cu and Zn, which may limit its land application. Rock phosphate has been shown to be effective for immobilizing toxic metals in toxic metals contaminated soils. The aim of this study work was to investigate the effect of rock phosphate on the speciation of Cu and Zn during co-composting of pig manure with rice straw. The results showed that composting process and rock phosphate addition significantly affected the changes of metal species. During co-composting, the exchangeable and reducible fractions of Cu were transformed to organic and residue fractions, thus the bioavailable Cu fractions were decreased. The rock phosphate addition enhanced the metal transformation depending on the level of rock phosphate amendment. Zinc was found in the exchangeable and reducible fractions in the compost. The bioavailable Zn fraction changed a little during the composting process. The composting process converted the exchangeable Zn fraction into reducible fraction. Addition of an appropriate amount (5.0%) of rock phosphate could advance the conversion. Rock phosphate could reduce metal availability through adsorption and complexation of the metal ions on inorganic components. The increase in pH and organic matter degradation could be responsible for the reduction in exchangeable and bioavailable Cu fractions and exchangeable Zn fraction in rock phosphate amended compost.
This paper deals with a new version of the local singular boundary method (LSBM), which will allow the use of irregular node distribution and any shape of the solved area. Unlike previous ...modifications, it does not impose any requirements on the number of nodes in the support or the number of virtual points. Moreover, it uses radial basis functions for interpolation, not the weighted squares method. The article contains the derivation of the fundamental relations of the steady and unsteady state method and shows its effectiveness in four control examples.
Summary
This study evaluated the influence of replacing sugar with
Stevia rebaudiana
leaves on gluten‐ and lactose‐free cakes' sensory and physicochemical characteristics. The cakes underwent ...microbiological analysis, texture profile, specific volume, acceptance test and purchase intention, as well as the rate‐all‐that‐apply (RATA) descriptive test. With the results of the acceptance test and texture profile, the desirability function was applied in order to obtain an optimised formulation (FO) with lower values for hardness and chewiness and higher values for overall acceptance. As the stevia content in the cakes increased, the acceptability of these attributes decreased, and the same occurred with purchase intention. In the texture profile, only hardness, chewiness, gumminess and specific volume showed significant differences, influenced by the sugar content, since this component adds positively to the dough and texture of the cakes. Applying the desirability function, the optimised formulation presented a composition of 65% (1.95 g) of stevia and 35% (35 g) of sugar, and new analyses were performed, with a global acceptance of 7.20, for example. It was concluded that it was possible to make gluten‐free and lactose‐free cakes by applying stevia leaves. However, this addition should be done moderately since it is inversely proportional to the acceptability of the attributes.
► Metal concentrates of waste PCBs were used as the substrate instead of scraps or PCBs powder. ► A two-step bioleaching process achieved 96.8% copper leaching efficiency in 45
h, and around 90% ...aluminum and zinc in 98
h. ► Bioleaching period was shorten from about 8 days to 45
h in a two-step process under the optimum conditions.
Metal concentrates of printed circuit boards (PCBs) are the residue valuable metals from which non-metallic components are removed. The non-metallic components show bacterial toxicity in bioleaching process and can be recycled as well. In this study, the effects of initial pH, initial Fe(II) concentration, metal concentrate dosage, particle size, and inoculation quantity on the bioleaching were investigated so as to determine the optimum conditions and evaluate the feasibility of bioleaching of metal concentrates of PCBs by mixed culture of acidophilic bacteria (MCAB). The results showed that the initial pH and Fe(II) concentration played an important role in copper extraction and precipitate formation. Under the optimized conditions of initial pH 2.00, 12
g/L initial Fe(II), 12
g/L metal concentrate dosage, 10% inoculation quantity, and 60–80 mesh particle size, 96.8% the copper leaching efficiency was achieved in 45
h, and aluminum and zinc 88.2% and 91.6% in 98
h, respectively. All findings demonstrated that metals could be efficiently leached from metal concentrates of waste PCBs by using the MCAB, and the leaching period was shorten from about 8 days to 45
h.
This paper investigates the use of the localized method of fundamental solutions (LMFS) for the numerical solution of general transient convection-diffusion-reaction equation in both two-(2D) and ...three-dimensional (3D) materials. The method is developed as a generalization of the author's earlier work on Laplace's equation to transient convection-diffusion-reaction equation. The popular Crank-Nicolson (CN) time-stepping technology is adopted to perform the temporal simulations. The LMFS approach is then introduced for solving the resulting inhomogeneous boundary value problems, where a pseudo-spectral Chebyshev collocation scheme (CCS) is employed for the approximation of the corresponding particular solutions. As compared with the classical MFS and boundary element method (BEM), the present CN-CCS-LMFS approach produces sparse and banded stiffness matrix which makes the method possible to perform large-scale dynamic simulations. Several benchmark numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the efficiency and feasibility of the present method.
Poly6,6′-bis(ethylene-3,4-dioxythien-2-yl)-N,N′-dialkylisoindigo (PBEDOT-iI) was synthesized and incorporated as an electroactive material into electrochemical supercapacitors (ESCs) in type I and ...type III configurations. In type I ESCs, PBEDOT-iI provides a specific power of ∼360 W/kg and specific energy of ∼0.5 Wh/kg, while retaining about 80% of its electroactivity over 10 000 cycles. In addition, we report on the use of PBEDOT-iI in type III supercapacitors where operating voltages as high as 2.5 V were achieved with specific energies of ca. 15 Wh/kg, albeit with limited stability.
We discuss in detail our facile method for producing supramolecular polymeric nanoparticles from the collapse of single polymer chains. A new family of poly(methyl methacrylate)-based nanoparticles ...confirm that our method is general and can be easily tuned toward a variety of applications. Thorough AFM characterization elucidates the conditions required to visualize single particles as well as complex assemblies of particles mediated by the evaporation of solvent. AFM studies also indicate that the intramolecular collapse resembles the cooperative folding process witnessed in biomacromolecules and that the particles possess a complex morphology that implies the internal organization of the UPy dimers used to induce the intramolecular collapse. Thermal studies support these observations in addition to confirming the applicability of this system in the fabrication of processable high-performance supramolecular materials.
In a previous study, a biomimic two-step self-healing scheme (close-then-heal (CTH)) by mimicking human skin has been proposed for self-healing structural-length scale damage Li and Uppu. Composites ...Science and Technology 2010; 70: 1419–1427. The purpose of this study is to validate this idea by fabricating a composite with thermoplastic particles (Copolyster) dispersed in a shape memory polymer matrix (Veriflex Polystyrene). In this particulate composite, the confined shape recovery of the shape memory matrix is utilized for sealing (closing) cracks and the thermoplastic particles are used for molecular-length scale healing. In this study, 6% by volume of thermoplastic particles was used. Beam specimens were prepared and programmed by compression in the longitudinal direction to 6.7% of pre-strain. Structural-length scale damage was then created by producing a notch in the programmed beam specimens per ASTM D 5045. The notched beam specimens were then tested to fracture. The fractured specimens were healed per the close-then-heal mechanism and tested again to fracture. This fracture-healing test lasted for 5 cycles. The healing efficiency was evaluated per the peak-bending load. SEM was used to examine healed cracks at micro-length scale while EDS was used to evaluate molecular-length scale healing. It is found that over 65% of the peak bending load can be repeatedly recovered and the structural-length scale damage (notch) is healed at molecular-length scale.
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