Peacekeeping operations are considered one of the main tools for negotiating conflicts and are used by the international community to renew and keep international peace and security. The practice of ...peacekeeping activities has faced fundamental changes that have influenced its aims and principles. That is why the effectiveness of modern peacekeeping operations and operations for peace maintenance, as an answer to global challenges, need further assessment and explanations. The article aims to 1) characterise peacekeeping activities and principles and assess their effectiveness; 2) determine the main problems in the function of peacekeeping mechanisms; identify optimal methods for the future peacekeeping operations of the UN and NATO.
This study proposes a complex systematisation of present approaches, assessing the effectiveness of both peacekeeping operations and operations for the maintenance of peace. The key goal is to develop optimal scenarios for peacekeeping missions.
The practical importance of the research is the frameworks and conclusions that can be used as methodical recommendations in the work of international organisations that regulate peacekeeping activities.
Recent studies have highlighted the increased risk of exposure to PTSD among military personnel who are faced with extreme stressor events, the stress related to the peacekeeping mission, indicates ...that even peacekeepers could be at risk of developing PTSD independently of war attacks or wounds. The resilience’s construct has a strong theoretical background, and in a pragmatic way has been shown to be a significant stress resistance resource in multiple groups, like those involved in military and security operations. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of resilience on the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (measured through the Davidson trauma scale) and professional quality of life. Our sample included 399 (138 females, 261 males) military who carried out peacekeeping operations between 2017 and 2019. In order to test the moderation hypothesis, a hierarchical regression analysis was performed, and a three-step regression model was carried out. The results that emerged in our study reveal that the moderating effect of resilience is evident in all the effects of on the professional quality of life.
This article examines the peculiarities of the Moldovan- Transnistrian conflict at the beginning of the 21st century. The authors analyze the conflict settlement process and show the reasons that ...hamper it. One of them is the choice of different foreign-policy vectors: Moldova – the European Union, Transnistria – the Eurasian Union. The article shows the role of Ukraine and Moldova in the deterioration of the economic situation in Transnistria, the strengthening of political pressure on the Transnistria republic. Much attention is paid to the elements of the customs and economic blockade, attempts to stop the Russian peacekeeping operation in Transnistria, the aggravation of the Ukrainian–Transnistrian relations, plans for the unfreezing of the Moldovan- Transnistrian conflict.
Selaras dengan objektif dasar luarnya, Nigeria telah menyertai Operasi Pengaman (OP) di Afrika semenj ak beroleh kemerdekaan. Sebagai pengiktirafan ke atas komitmen negara tersebut terhadap objektif ...Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (PBB) dalam mengekalkan keamanan dan keselamatan, Nigeria telah menyumbang angkatan tentera terhadap Operasi PBB di Kongo (ONUC) buat julung kali pada tahun 1960. Selama lebih daripada lima puluh tahun, Nigeria secara berterusan mengambil langkah-langkah besar dan kekal komited dalam hal ini. Artikel ini meneliti manfaat yang diperolehi oleh Nigeria daripada penyertaannya dalam OP di Afrika di bawah PBB, Oraganisasi Kesatuan Afrika (kini dikenali sebagai Kesatuan Afrika-KA) dan Komuniti Ekonomi Kumpulan Pemantau Negara-Negara Afrika Barat (Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group-ECOMOG). Berdasarkan kedua-dua data primer dan sekunder, artikel ini menghujahkan bahawa kebimbangan normatif merupakan faktor utama bagi penglibatan Nigeria dalam OP di Afrika. Ini didorong oleh idiosinkrasi para pemimpin negara semenj ak mencapai kemerdekaan pada 1960. Mereka yakin bahawa penyertaan dalam OP membantu dalam mencapai matlamat dasar luar serta kepentingan negara. Usaha ini juga membantu mempromosikan prestij serta pengaruh negara tersebut dalam konteks rasa hormat sesama negara serta dalam organisasi antarabangsa (PBB, KA dan ECOWAS).
How do local situations matter? It is tempting to explain the creation of a new peacekeeping operation (PKO) by the willingness to solve a local security problem. However, main contributor countries ...to UN and EU PKO in the Central African Republic in 2014, have sent hundreds of troops without a genuine interest in the local situation. Thus, how, why and when links to the ground are made? Having presence on the ground gave some actors levers in the negotiations. The contact with the ground impact the construction of expectations. It is a resource for pressuring on hesitating countries.
The article is devoted to stages of modern German policy in the Middle East and examines Chancellor G. Schroeder’s foreign policy agenda for the region. It is emphasized that in the new conditions of ...a changed world order Chancellor G. Schroeder had to build a foreign policy strategy in the Middle East region, basing on the common European course and considering significant role of the Euro-Atlantic partnership. The basic military strategy of Germany are formulated. The amount of Germany economic and military aid is specified. The main controversies between the Federal government and Washington are mentioned on the question of the volume of German investments in joint action in the region and military involvement of Germany. The author shows the willingness and desire of Germany to act as European leader in the construction of European security system. The question is raised about the fact that today the problem of international terrorism and violations of human rights in the developing countries of the Middle East is one of the global problems of modernity and Germany considers these areas are among the priorities in its foreign policy strategy in the region.
The UN peacekeeping operations make up a not very scrutinized issue of political geography. A theoretical assessment is proposed about the relationships between peace, geography and United Nations as ...well as the spaceness of peacekeeping operations. The paper shows a new typology of the UN peace spaces : interposition, survival, covering, governance, marking. The conclusion identifies some observable trends and conceivable prospects for a political geography of peace.
This study focuses on the deployments of UN peacekeeping operations within intra-state armed conflicts in Africa. The statement of the problem and objective of the study is to demonstrate amidst the ...significant roles that UN peacekeeping operations deployed within intra-state armed conflicts in Africa have played and are still playing, nonetheless growing geostrategic infiltration from hegemonic states as well as other member states from where troops are drawn from to constitute different operations to mitigate the armed conflicts. This is very important for the successful consolidation of the mandates of different UN peacekeeping operations deployed within intra-state armed conflicts in Africa. The study incorporated both primary and secondary sources of data. The qualitative descriptive analysis and its instruments are the research method that fits the study. The results of the findings were parallel to the problem statement and objective, which proved that geostrategic infiltration aimed at guaranteeing the interests of hegemonic and other member states of the UN that are proved apparent. The study's conclusion and recommendations were proffered to mitigating geostrategic infiltration in UN peacekeeping deployments faced with intra-state armed conflicts in Africa after an in-depth analysis of the case study under review in this study. That is, the United Nations Operations in the Congo deployed in view of the intra-state armed conflict that hit Congo in 1960, where the end of that mission was a debacle. A debacle explained largely by geostrategic infiltration. The Security Council is making every effort to mitigate the numerous challenges that have been and are still impeding the UN peacekeeping operations from successfully consolidating their mandates in different intra-state armed conflicts in Africa where they have been deployed. This study seeks to draw the attention of the international community to a veritable challenge that has become a pertinent stake (geostrategic infiltration), impeding the successful consolidation of the different UN peacekeeping mandates deployed within intra-state armed conflicts in Africa.
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