The UN has developed a diverse range of peacemaking tools, including different forms of political initiatives (diplomatic, technocratic, and political-development missions) and peacekeeping ...operations. Yet we know surprisingly little about when and why we observe the onset of different types of UN missions. Examining an “escalatory trajectory,” we analyze the United Nations Peace Initiatives data, a new dataset providing information on all different types of UN engagements. Our main contributions are that we provide insights into how the different types of missions relate to one another and conceptual clarity about what the different types of missions are.
The idea that states and the international community have a responsibility to protect populations at risk has framed internationalist debates about conflict prevention, humanitarian aid, peacekeeping ...and territorial administration since 2001. This book situates the responsibility to protect concept in a broad historical and jurisprudential context, demonstrating that the appeal to protection as the basis for de facto authority has emerged at times of civil war or revolution - the Protestant revolutions of early modern Europe, the bourgeois and communist revolutions of the following centuries and the revolution that is decolonisation. This analysis, from Hobbes to the UN, of the resulting attempts to ground authority on the capacity to guarantee security and protection is essential reading for all those seeking to understand, engage with, limit or critique the expansive practices of international executive action authorised by the responsibility to protect concept.
Ghana's Armed Forces (GAF) have demonstrated an aptitude for tackling insecurity, professionalism, and the capacity to contribute to and support United Nations-led Peacekeeping Operations (PKOs) and ...African Peace Support Operations (PSOs). Displaying its preparedness to deal with emerging challenges during these missions has gained GAF recognition as an active African force involved in peace and security matters and, more broadly, peacekeeping and PSOs across the African continent. However, Ghana and, more specifically, the GAF face numerous evolving threats, ranging from transnational non-state actors and violent extremism to domestic insurgencies. This paper argues that while GAFs have built a wealth of knowledge in peacekeeping, this expertise is not reflected in a similar ability to tackle Ghana's emerging threats since GAFs' development has focused primarily on capabilities gained from PKOs and PSOs, impacting the forces approach when dealing with new internal threats.
This article examines the extent to which peacekeeping operations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and specifically Operation Sukola II, effectively applied the UN human rights due ...diligence policy (HRDDP) in the period under review (2014-2021), based upon reports and interviews with individuals with knowledge of the peacekeeping operations. It analyses the complexity and challenges the peacekeepers and Congolese government confronted in the application of HRDDP in the DRC, noting the different challenges in applying this policy due to the highly volatile situations faced. The study argues that in applying the policy in situations such as the DRC, where the conflict is complex, the UN needs to be responsive to unexpected contingencies, with a high degree of flexibility and resilience. It recommends that the UN should review its HRDDP and update its procedures based on gained experience.
Human Rights and Gender issues within the framework of Women, Peace and Security Agenda have been introduced into the UN peacekeeping operations in different ways. Taking into account that these ...operations have not been foreseen in the San Francisco Charter, this article intends to reflect on the evolution of both aspects in the Security Council resolutions that contain the UN peace operations mandates. They are the ADN of the peace operations as legal basis of their deployment and include the objectives to be accomplished. In the actual multidimensional operations, human rights and gender related objectives have evolved to become a relevant part of peacekeeping mandates though their interaction is not always clear and their implementation under the protection of civilians’ umbrella could be compromised.
The Trouble with the Congo suggests a new explanation for international peacebuilding failures in civil wars. Drawing from more than 330 interviews and a year and a half of field research, it ...develops a case study of the international intervention during the Democratic Republic of the Congo's unsuccessful transition from war to peace and democracy (2003–6). Grassroots rivalries over land, resources, and political power motivated widespread violence. However, a dominant peacebuilding culture shaped the intervention strategy in a way that precluded action on local conflicts, ultimately dooming the international efforts to end the deadliest conflict since World War II. Most international actors interpreted continued fighting as the consequence of national and regional tensions alone. UN staff and diplomats viewed intervention at the macro levels as their only legitimate responsibility. The dominant culture constructed local peacebuilding as such an unimportant, unfamiliar, and unmanageable task that neither shocking events nor resistance from select individuals could convince international actors to reevaluate their understanding of violence and intervention.
Women expand their feminist value to protect local societies from conflict impacts which put mostly women and children as victims, in line with the growth of women's capacity in peacekeeping ...operations. Women perform a significant role as peacekeepers in UN missions for peace and conflict resolutions to create a counterbalance in masculine dominance of UN Peacekeeping Operations based on UNSCR 1325. Women have played an important role as peacekeepers in the UN missions for peace and conflict resolution, to build trust among local communities especially women and children who are vulnerable to sexual harassment and violence. This paper will analyze the strategic role of Indonesia’s female peacekeepers in peace and conflict resolution under UN missions with a qualitative method in the concept of gender equality based on a phenomenological approach. This research finds that Indonesia’s female peacekeepers can provide approaches that can foster the inclusive peace process and become a role model for local women to achieve their right socially and politically. Indonesia’s female peacekeepers prove their vital part in fostering the achievement of peace and conflict resolution with a psychosocial approach that emphasizes psychological recovery and social development by Indonesian Peacekeeping Contingent under UN Missions.
Abstract This article presents a broad assessment of Chinese personnel deployments to peacekeeping operations (PKOs) for the past three decades (1990-2019). To this end, an original dataset was built ...with data collected from the UN Department of Peace Operations. The following four indicators were considered in the analysis: (i) total personnel contribution per year; (ii) personnel contribution per mission; (iii) personnel contribution in relation to the mission’s total contingent; and (iv) personnel in a given mission in relation to the total personnel dispatched by China that year. Generally speaking, UN missions in Liberia (UNMIL) and South Sudan (UNMISS) have been the main destinations of Chinese peacekeepers in the 21st Century, while Cambodia (UNTAC) was by far the only place where China got deeply involved during the 1990s. In addition to displaying descriptive data, the paper also briefly analyses Chinese engagement in these operations.
Resumo O presente artigo apresenta uma ampla avaliação sobre o destacamento de pessoal chinês para operações de paz ao longo das últimas três décadas (1990-2019). Para tanto, um conjunto de dados original foi construído a partir de dados coletados do Departamento de Operações de Paz da ONU (DPO). Os seguintes quatro indicadores foram analisados: (i) contribuição total de pessoal por ano; (ii) contribuição de pessoal por missão; (iii) contribuição de pessoal em relação ao contingente total da missão; e (iv) contribuição de pessoal em uma determinada missão em relação ao total destacado pela China naquele ano. De modo geral, as missões da ONU na Libéria (UNMIL) e no Sudão do Sul (UNMISS) foram os principais destinos das forças chinesas de manutenção de paz no século XXI, enquanto o Camboja (UNTAC) foi, de longe, o único lugar onde a China se envolveu profundamente durante a década de 1990. Além de exibir dados descritivos, o artigo também analisa brevemente o envolvimento chinês nessas operações.
Peacekeeping, peace enforcement and ‘stability operations’ ask soldiers to use violence to create peace, defeat armed threats while having no enemies and uphold human rights without taking sides. The ...challenges that face peacekeepers cannot be easily reduced to traditional just war principles. Built on insights from care ethics, case studies including Darfur, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti and Liberia and scores of interviews with peacekeepers, trainers and planners in the field in Africa, India and more, Daniel H. Levine sheds light on the challenges of peacekeeping. And he asserts that the traditional ‘holy trinity’ of peacekeeping principles – consent, impartiality, and minimum use of force – still provide the best moral guide for peacekeepers.
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