Two different collections of the gilled wild fungus Tricholoma terreum, collected in Italy, were subjected to phytochemical analysis. The fungal material was confidently identified by analysis of the ...ITS genomic sequences. Using both HR-LC-MS and NMR techniques, no evidence was found for the presence in the fruiting bodies of terreolides, terreumols or saponaceolides H-S, in striking contrast with the isolation of these terpenoids by Chinese authors from a mushroom collected in France and identified as T. terreum. The main cytotoxic terpenoid identified and isolated from the extracts of the specimens investigated in this work was the Csub.30 derivative saponaceolide B, which had been previously isolated from T. saponaceum and other T. terreum collections. Although saponaceolide B is a rather labile molecule, easily degradable by heat or in acidic conditions, our study indicated that none of the extraction protocols used produced saponaceolide H-S or terreolide/terreumol derivatives, thus excluding the possibility that the latter compounds could be extraction artifacts. Considered together, these findings point to the need for the unambiguous identification of mushroom species belonging to the complex genus Tricholoma, characterized by high variability in the composition of metabolites. Moreover, based on our data, T. terreum must be considered an edible mushroom.
Introduction : Nyctanthes arbor-tristis contains several active compounds that are beneficial for human health. Objectives: Arbortristosides A & B and iridoid glucoside are known to be present in ...various parts of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. Methodology: In this study we have examined the interaction of these molecules with HMG- CoA reductase by in-silico experiments. Results: It is observed that this compound reacts with active site of HMG-CoA reductase. Conclusion: Arbortristosides A & B and iridoid glucoside are potential candidates to be further validated for hypolipidemic drug development. Keywords : Nyctanthes, Arbortristosides, glucosides, drug
The Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya, DP) is known for the nutritional value of its tuber. Nevertheless, DP also has promising pharmacological properties. Compared with the tuber, the leaves of DP ...are still very little studied. However, it may be possible to draw conclusions about the plant quality based on the coloration of the leaves. Magnesium, as a component of chlorophyll, seems to play a role. Therefore, the aim of this research work was to develop an atomic absorption spectrometry-based method for the analysis of magnesium (285.2125 nm) in leaf extracts of DP following the graphite furnace sub-technique. The optimization of the pyrolysis and atomization temperatures resulted in 1500 °C and 1800 °C, respectively. The general presence of flavonoids in the extracts was detected and could explain the high pyrolysis temperature due to the potential complexation of magnesium. The elaborated method had linearity in a range of 1–10 µg Lsup.−1 (Rsup.2 = 0.9975). The limits of detection and quantification amounted to 0.23 µg Lsup.−1 and 2.00 µg Lsup.−1, respectively. The characteristic mass was 0.027 pg, and the recovery was 96.7–102.0%. Finally, the method was applied to extracts prepared from differently colored leaves of DP. Similar magnesium contents were obtained for extracts made of dried and fresh leaves. It is often assumed that the yellowing of the leaves is associated with reduced magnesium content. However, the results indicated that yellow leaves are not due to lower magnesium levels. This stimulates the future analysis of DP leaves considering other essential minerals such as molybdenum or manganese.
The innovation policies of the pharmaceutical industry are determined mainly by elements of the macro-environment that influence the strategic directions of the companies. In this context, the study ...aimed to examine whether and to what extent determined the expansion or reduction of the workforce of pharmaceutical companies in the last decade by macro-environmental indicators. These indicators represent the political, economic, social and technological innovation environment well, which are also considered their strategic decisions. The analysis was based on sectoral and macroeconomic indicators and industry employment data for 27 European countries. The results of the multivariate statistical analysis show that the economic potential of each country's uptake market, the volume of governmental support, and the human development index significantly influenced the evolution of pharmaceutical employment over the period under study.
A gyógyszeriparban tevékenykedő szereplők innovációs politikáját jelentős mértékben meghatározzák az érintett vállalatok stratégiai irányait kívülről befolyásoló makrokörnyezet elemei. A tanulmány célja megvizsgálni, hogy a gyógyszereket fejlesztő, illetve azokkal kereskedő piaci szereplők munkaerőkapacitásának bővítését vagy leépítését az elmúlt évtizedben meghatározták-e és amennyiben igen, milyen mértékben a stratégiai döntéseiknél is fokozottan figyelembe vett makrokörnyezeti, azaz a politikai, a gazdasági, a társadalmi, valamint a technológiai-innovációs környezetet jól jellemző indikátorok. Az elemzés alapjául 27 európai ország ágazati és makrogazdasági mutatói, valamint az iparági foglalkoztatottsági adatok szolgáltak. A többváltozós statisztikai vizsgálatok eredményei alapján egyrészt az egyes országok felvevőpiacának, illetve a kormányok által nyújtott támogatásoknak a volumenét együttesen kifejező gazdasági potenciál, másrészt a humán fejlettségi index befolyásolta szignifikánsan a gyógyszeripari foglalkoztatás alakulását a vizsgált időszakban.
Glomerular filtration rates for individual kidneys can be measured semi-quantitatively by a gamma camera using sup.99mTcTc-DTPA, with limited diagnostic accuracy. A more precise measurement can be ...performed on a PET/CT scanner using the radiotracer sup.68GaGa-EDTA, which has been validated in animal studies. The purpose of this study was to develop an easy kit-based synthesis of sup.68GaGa-EDTA that is compliant with good manufacturing practice (GMP) and applicable for human use. The production of the cold kit and its labeling were validated, as were the radiochemical purity measurement and analytical procedures for determining the Nasub.2EDTA dihydrate content in the kits. In this study, we validated a GMP kit for the simple production of sup.68GaGa-EDTA, with the intention of applicability for human use.
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