Dilaton Effective Field Theory Appelquist, Thomas; Ingoldby, James; Piai, Maurizio
Universe (Basel),
01/2023, Volume:
9, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
We review and extend recent studies of dilaton effective field theory (dEFT) that provide a framework for the description of the Higgs boson as a composite structure. We first describe the dEFT as ...applied to lattice data for a class of gauge theories with near-conformal infrared behavior. This includes the dilaton associated with the spontaneous breaking of (approximate) scale invariance and a set of pseudo-Nambu–Goldstone bosons (pNGBs) associated with the spontaneous breaking of an (approximate) internal global symmetry. The theory contains two small symmetry-breaking parameters. We display the leading-order (LO) Lagrangian and review its fit to lattice data for the SU(3) gauge theory with Nf=8 Dirac fermions in the fundamental representation. We then develop power-counting rules to identify the corrections emerging at next-to-leading order (NLO) in the dEFT action. We list the NLO operators that appear and provide estimates for the coefficients. We comment on implications for composite Higgs model building.
This article discusses some of the history of parity-violation experiments that culminated in the
Q
weak
experiment, which provided the first determination of the proton's weak charge
. The guiding ...principles necessary to the success of that experiment are outlined, followed by a brief description of the
Q
weak
experiment. Several consistent methods used to determine
from the asymmetry measured in the
Q
weak
experiment are explained in detail. The weak mixing angle sin
2
θ
w
determined from
is compared with results from other experiments. A description of the procedure for using the
result on the proton to set TeV-scale limits for new parity-violating semileptonic physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM) is presented. By also considering atomic parity-violation results on cesium, the article shows how this result can be generalized to set limits on BSM physics, which couples to any combination of valence quark flavors. Finally, the discovery space available to future weak-charge measurements is explored.
The history of dark universe physics can be traced from processes in the very early universe to the modern dominance of dark matter and energy. Here, we review the possible nontrivial role of strong ...interactions in cosmological effects of new physics. In the case of ordinary QCD interaction, the existence of new stable colored particles such as new stable quarks leads to new exotic forms of matter, some of which can be candidates for dark matter. New QCD-like strong interactions lead to new stable composite candidates bound by QCD-like confinement. We put special emphasis on the effects of interaction between new stable hadrons and ordinary matter, formation of anomalous forms of cosmic rays and exotic forms of matter, like stable fractionally charged particles. The possible correlation of these effects with high energy neutrino and cosmic ray signatures opens the way to study new physics of strong interactions by its indirect multi-messenger astrophysical probes.
There are numerous recent and ongoing experiments employing a variety of atomic species to search for couplings of atomic spins to exotic fields. In order to meaningfully compare these experimental ...results, the coupling of the exotic field to the atomic spin must be interpreted in terms of the coupling to electron, proton, and neutron spins. Traditionally, constraints from atomic experiments on exotic couplings to neutron and proton spins have been derived using the single-particle Schmidt model for nuclear spin. In this model, particular atomic species are sensitive to either neutron or proton spin couplings, but not both. More recently, semi-empirical models employing nuclear magnetic moment data have been used to derive new constraints for non-valence nucleons. However, comparison of such semi-empirical models to detailed large-scale nuclear shell model calculations and analysis of known physical effects in nuclei show that existing semi-empirical models cannot reliably be used to predict the spin polarization of non-valence nucleons. The results of our re-analysis of nuclear spin content are applied to searches for exotic long-range monopole-dipole and dipole-dipole couplings of nuclei leading to significant revisions of some published constraints.
A ferromagnetic gyroscope (FG) is a ferromagnet whose angular momentum is dominated by electron spin polarization and that will process under the action of an external torque, such as that due to a ...magnetic field. Here we model and analyze FG dynamics and sensitivity, focusing on practical schemes for experimental realization. In the case of a freely floating FG, we model the transition from dynamics dominated by libration in relatively high externally applied magnetic fields, to those dominated by precession at relatively low applied fields. Measurement of the libration frequency enables in situ determination of the magnetic field and a technique to reduce the field below the threshold for which precession dominates the FG dynamics. We note that evidence of gyroscopic behavior is present even at magnetic fields much larger than the threshold field below which precession dominates. We also model the dynamics of an FG levitated above a type-I superconductor via the Meissner effect, and find that for FGs with dimensions larger than about 100 nm the observed precession frequency is reduced compared to that of a freely floating FG. This is due to an effect akin to negative feedback that arises from the distortion of the field from the FG by the superconductor. Finally we assess the sensitivity of an FG levitated above a type-I superconductor to exotic spin-dependent interactions under practical experimental conditions, demonstrating the potential of FGs for tests of fundamental physics.
We discuss the hunt for long-lived particles at the Large Hadron Collider. A motivation is given for such searches, and the experimental challenges are presented. It has become clear in the last few ...years that the present experiments are not optimally equipped to cover the full phase space of possibilities for such scenarios, so recently small additional experiments have been proposed for specific searches.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Topological avatars of new physics’.
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