Je nach Umweltbedingungen lebt die Amöbe Dictyostelium discoideum als mobiler Einzeller oder aggregiert zum Superorganismus. Dann differenzieren die Zellen und bilden Sporen für die nächste ...Generation. Solche sozialen Amöben werfen viele Fragen zur chemischen Kommunikation auf. Nun wurden die Struktur und Stoffeigenschaften des Pigments, das die Kapsel mit den Sporen gelb färbt und diese vor allem vor zu früher Keimung schützt, erstmals beschrieben.
Anthocyanins are polyphenol compounds that render various hues of pink, red, purple, and blue in flowers, vegetables, and fruits. Anthocyanins also play significant roles in plant propagation, ...ecophysiology, and plant defense mechanisms. Structurally, anthocyanins are anthocyanidins modified by sugars and acyl acids. Anthocyanin colors are susceptible to pH, light, temperatures, and metal ions. The stability of anthocyanins is controlled by various factors, including inter and intramolecular complexations. Chromatographic and spectrometric methods have been extensively used for the extraction, isolation, and identification of anthocyanins. Anthocyanins play a major role in the pharmaceutical; nutraceutical; and food coloring, flavoring, and preserving industries. Research in these areas has not satisfied the urge for natural and sustainable colors and supplemental products. The lability of anthocyanins under various formulated conditions is the primary reason for this delay. New gene editing technologies to modify anthocyanin structures in vivo and the structural modification of anthocyanin via semi-synthetic methods offer new opportunities in this area. This review focusses on the biogenetics of anthocyanins; their colors, structural modifications, and stability; their various applications in human health and welfare; and advances in the field.
New edition of the reprint Fungal pigments: Chapters titles: PART 1. Investigation on various chemical classes of fungal pigments: Genomic Analysis and Assessment of Melanin Synthesis in Amorphotheca ...resinae by Jeong-Joo Oh et al.; Fungal Melanins and Applications in Healthcare, Bioremediation and Industry by Ellie Rose Mattoon et al.; Recent Findings in Azaphilone Pigments by Lúcia P. S. Pimenta et al.; Characterization of a Biofilm Bioreactor Designed for the Single-Step Production of Aerial Conidia and Oosporein by Beauveria bassiana PQ2 by Héctor Raziel Lara-Juache et al.; PART 2. Molecular characterization: Molecular Characterization of Fungal Pigments by Miriam S. Valenzuela-Gloria et al.; PART 3. Biological properties: Seven New Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Xanthoquinodins from Jugulospora vestita by Lulu Shao et al.; PART 4. Toxicity assessment and safety evaluation of fungal pigments: Safety Evaluation of Fungal Pigments for Food Applications by Rajendran Poorniammal et al.; Preliminary Examination of the Toxicity of Spalting Fungal Pigments: A Comparison between Extraction Methods by Badria H. Almurshidi et al.; PART 5. Use of by-products or waste for industrial production of fungal pigments: Production of Bio-Based Pigments from Food Processing Industry By-Products Using Aspergillus carbonarius by Ezgi Bezirhan Arikan et al.; PART 6. Prospective aspects and brainstorming: Does Structural Color Exist in True Fungi? by Juliet Brodie et al.; Fungal Biomarkers Stability in Mars Regolith Analogues after Simulated Space and Mars-like Conditions by Alessia Cassaro et al.
Microalgae productive chains are gaining importance as sustainable alternatives to obtain natural pigments. This work presents a review on the most promising pigments and microalgal sources by ...gathering trends from a 10-year bibliometric survey, a patents search, and an industrial and market analysis built from available market reports, projects and companies' webpages. The performed analysis pointed out chlorophylls, phycocyanin, astaxanthin, and β-carotene as the most relevant pigments, and
,
,
, and
, respectively, as the most studied sources.
is referred in the highest number of patents, corroborating a high technological interest in this microalga. The biorefinery concept, investment in projects and companies related to microalgae cultivation and/or pigment extraction is increasingly growing, particularly, for phycocyanin from
. These pieces of evidence are a step forward to consolidate the microalgal pigments market, which is expected to grow in the coming years, increasing the prospects of replacing synthetic pigments by natural counterparts.
Three phthalocyanine derivatives with four peripheral chiral (S)-2-methylbutoxy moieties at the alpha or beta positions of the phthalocyanine ring have been synthesized. The CD spectra of compounds 1 ...and 2, each containing four peripheral chiral (S)-2-methylbutoxy moieties at the alpha positions of the phthalocyanine ring, show CD signals in the Q-absorption region of the phthalocyanine chromophores. However, no CD signal was observed in the whole absorption region for compound 3, which contains four peripheral chiral (S)-2-methylbutoxy moieties at the beta positions of the phthalocyanine ring. These results indicate the influence of the position of the chiral substituents on the chiral transfer and expression at a molecular level. Further investigation of the self-assembly behavior of compounds 1 and 2 revealed that the metal-free phthalocyanine 1 self-assembles into a nanocube whereas its zinc congener, (S)-ZnPc(alpha-OC5H11)4 (2), self-assembles into helical nanobelts, which implies an effect of metal coordination on the morphology and handedness of the self-assembled nanostructures. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
The book provides a complete overview on inorganic pigments and their use in dye industry. Each chapter introduces a certain class of pigment in respect of fundamentals, manufacture, properties and ...toxicology and thus being very valuable for paint chemists and materials specialists. The readers will benefit from a concise and well-structured text, numerous examples and a set of test questions in the end of each chapter.
Some of the most important natural pigments have been produced from fungi and used for coloring in food, cosmetics, textiles, and pharmaceutical products. Forty-seven isolates of endophytic fungi ...were isolated from
Cinnamomum zeylanicum
in northern Thailand. Only one isolate, CMU-ZY2045, produced an extracellularly red pigment. This isolate was identified as
Nigrospora aurantiaca
based on morphological characteristics and the molecular phylogenetic analysis of a combined four loci (large subunit and internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA, β-tubulin, and translation elongation factor 1-alpha genes). The optimum conditions for red pigment production from this fungus were investigated. The results indicated that the highest red pigment yield was observed in the liquid medium containing glucose as a carbon source and yeast extract as a nitrogen source, at a pH value of 5.0 and at 27 °C with shaking for 5 days. The crude red pigment revealed the highest level of solubility in methanol. A fungal red pigment was found to have high stability at temperatures ranging from 20 to 50 °C and pH values at a range of 5.0–6.0. Based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses, the red pigment was characterized as bostrycin. The extracted pigment was used for the textile dyeing process. Crude fungal red pigment revealed the highest staining ability in cotton fabrics and displayed excellent fastness to washing, which showing negative cytotoxicity at the concentrations used to cell culture. This is the first report on bostrycin production from
N. aurantiaca
.
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