Developed between 2007 and 2008, the International Year of Planet Earth (IYPE) was proclaimed by United Nations Organization with the objective to divulge the importance of the Earth Sciences for ...society and to alert for the main problems mankind will face in this Century related to ten big themes: Groundwater, Megacities, Climate, Earth crust and core, Natural disasters, Oceans, Natural resources (minerals) and Energy, Soils, Earth and health (or medical geology) and Earth and life. After ten years of the suggestions and recommendations to be developed by geoscientists there were important advances in some of those themes such as Climate, Earth crust, and core and Natural resources and Energy. In the other seven years, there was relatively few scientific or technological advances in the word. This shows that one decade was not enough for mankind to get knowing and solving the big problems itself caused and continues to cause to the planet. In spite of this, the Brazilian geoscientific community was sensitive to most of the IYPE themes and promoted the divulging of Earth sciences through workshops, symposia, congresses, classes, becoming one of the most active groups in the world.
The motion of the Earth's layers due to internal pressures is simulated in this research with an efficient mathematical model. The Earth, which revolves around its axis of rotation and is under ...internal pressure, will change the shape and displacement of the internal layers and tectonic plates. Applied mathematical models are based on a new approach to shell theory involving both two and three-dimensional approaches. It is the first time studying all necessary measures that increase the accuracy of the obtained results. These parameters are essential to perform a completely nonlinear analysis and consider the effects of the Earth’s rotation around its axis. Unlike most modeling of nonlinear partial differential equations in applied mechanics that only considers nonlinear effects in a particular direction, the general nonlinear terms are considered in the present study, which increases the accuracy of the amount of displacement of the Earth's inner layers. Also, the fully nonlinear and dynamic differential equations are solved by a semi-analytical polynomial method which is an innovative and efficient method. Determining the amount of critical pressure at the fault location that will cause phenomena such as earthquakes is one of the useful results that can be obtained from the mathematical modeling in this research.
This open access proceedings volume brings selected, peer-reviewed contributions presented at the Third Stochastic Transport in Upper Ocean Dynamics (STUOD) 2022 Workshop, held virtually and in ...person at the Imperial College London, UK, September 26–29, 2022. The STUOD project is supported by an ERC Synergy Grant, and led by Imperial College London, the National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automatic Control (INRIA) and the French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER). The project aims to deliver new capabilities for assessing variability and uncertainty in upper ocean dynamics. It will provide decision makers a means of quantifying the effects of local patterns of sea level rise, heat uptake, carbon storage and change of oxygen content and pH in the ocean. Its multimodal monitoring will enhance the scientific understanding of marine debris transport, tracking of oil spills and accumulation of plastic in the sea. All topics of these proceedings are essential to the scientific foundations of oceanography which has a vital role in climate science. Studies convened in this volume focus on a range of fundamental areas, including: Observations at a high resolution of upper ocean properties such as temperature, salinity, topography, wind, waves and velocity; Large scale numerical simulations; Data-based stochastic equations for upper ocean dynamics that quantify simulation error; Stochastic data assimilation to reduce uncertainty. These fundamental subjects in modern science and technology are urgently required in order to meet the challenges of climate change faced today by human society. This proceedings volume represents a lasting legacy of crucial scientific expertise to help meet this ongoing challenge, for the benefit of academics and professionals in pure and applied mathematics, computational science, data analysis, data assimilation and oceanography.
This paper develops methodology that provides a toolbox for routinely fitting complex models to realistic spatial point pattern data. We consider models that are based on log-Gaussian Cox processes ...and include local interaction in these by considering constructed covariates. This enables us to use integrated nested Laplace approximation and to considerably speed up the inferential task. In addition, methods for model comparison and model assessment facilitate the modelling process. The performance of the approach is assessed in a simulation study. To demonstrate the versatility of the approach, models are fitted to two rather different examples, a large rainforest data set with covariates and a point pattern with multiple marks.
Solar radiation and geological processes over the first few million years of Earth’s history, followed soon thereafter by the origin of life, steered our planet towards an evolutionary trajectory of ...long-lived habitability that ultimately enabled the emergence of complex life. We review the most important conditions and feedbacks over the first 2 billion years of this trajectory, which perhaps represent the best analogue for other habitable worlds in the galaxy. Crucial aspects included: (1) the redox state and volatile content of Earth’s building blocks, which determined the longevity of the magma ocean and its ability to degas H
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O and other greenhouse gases, in particular CO
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, allowing the condensation of a water ocean; (2) the chemical properties of the resulting degassed mantle, including oxygen fugacity, which would have not only affected its physical properties and thus its ability to recycle volatiles and nutrients via plate tectonics, but also contributed to the timescale of atmospheric oxygenation; (3) the emergence of life, in particular the origin of autotrophy, biological N
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fixation, and oxygenic photosynthesis, which accelerated sluggish abiotic processes of transferring some volatiles back into the lithosphere; (4) strong stellar UV radiation on the early Earth, which may have eroded significant amounts of atmospheric volatiles, depending on atmospheric CO
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/N
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ratios and thus impacted the redox state of the mantle as well as the timing of life’s origin; and (5) evidence of strong photochemical effects on Earth’s sulfur cycle, preserved in the form of mass-independent sulfur isotope fractionation, and potentially linked to fractionation in organic carbon isotopes. The early Earth presents itself as an exoplanet analogue that can be explored through the existing rock record, allowing us to identify atmospheric signatures diagnostic of biological metabolisms that may be detectable on other inhabited planets with next-generation telescopes. We conclude that investigating the development of habitable conditions on terrestrial planets, an inherently complex problem, requires multi-disciplinary collaboration and creative solutions.
Extreme environmental phenomena such as major precipitation events manifestly exhibit spatial dependence. Max-stable processes are a class of asymptotically-justified models that are capable of ...representing spatial dependence among extreme values. While these models satisfy modeling requirements, they are limited in their utility because their corresponding joint likelihoods are unknown for more than a trivial number of spatial locations, preventing, in particular, Bayesian analyses. In this paper, we propose a new random effects model to account for spatial dependence. We show that our specification of the random effect distribution leads to a max-stable process that has the popular Gaussian extreme value process (GEVP) as a limiting case. The proposed model is used to analyze the yearly maximum precipitation from a regional climate model.
This essay argues that the “common home” metaphor, when applied to planet Earth, falls short in its ability to provide an accurate analogy with the complexity and diversity of the planet itself since ...it has a limited epistemological, heuristic, and hermeneutical horizon; it is an analogy that proves inadequate in expressing common human representations of home and the two principles that should inspire an Ecotheology: the ontological value of creatures (Gaudium et Spes) and the recognition of the intrinsic relationship between all beings (Laudato Si’). In order to methodologically support this enquiry, a reflexive analysis and a metadisciplinary discourse are used through Emmanuel Levinas, Hannah Arendt, and the concept of integral ecology, proposed in Pope Francis’s encyclical letter Laudato Si’. On care for our common home, 21 May 2015. The performativity of the “common home” metaphor is evaluated to review its use in Ecotheology. The conclusion reached is that the category of “common life” might be more appropriate than “common home” to characterize how humans inhabit the world for an Ecotheology, and to represent planetary and cosmic communion and interdependence.
•The huge variations in the global state of sustainability research and maps.•Importance of integrating the contributions of the sciences and humanities.•Exploring innovative and integrative research ...beyond comfort zones.
Advances in scholarly research are routinely associated with specific fields and traditional disciplines. New fields such as sustainability, climate change, gender studies and “green knowledge” emerge with inter- and cross-disciplinary subject matter, methods and techniques. Sustainability has emerged as an integrative research field on a global scale not only with contributions from the social and natural sciences in the past two decades but with contributions from the humanities and sciences. These breakthroughs present challenges to traditional fields and opportunities for better understanding of processes and impacts. The challenges facing geography include working with both visible and invisible worlds, going beyond “comfort zone” research boundaries, recognizing the importance of maps and mapping, and integrating politics in sustainability worlds at local, regional and global scales.
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