Determining factors that shape a species' population genetic structure is beneficial for identifying effective conservation practices. We assessed population structure and genetic diversity for ...Saltmarsh Sparrow (Ammospiza caudacuta), an imperiled tidal marsh specialist, using 13 microsatellite markers and 964 individuals sampled from 24 marshes across the breeding range. We show that Saltmarsh Sparrow populations are structured regionally by isolation-by-distance, with gene flow occurring among marshes within ∼110 to 135 km of one another. Isolation-by-resistance and isolation-by-environment also shape genetic variation; several habitat and landscape features are associated with genetic diversity and genetic divergence among populations. Human development in the surrounding landscape isolates breeding marshes, reducing genetic diversity, and increasing population genetic divergence, while surrounding marshland and patch habitat quality (proportion high marsh and sea-level-rise trend) have the opposite effect. The distance of the breeding marsh to the Atlantic Ocean also influences genetic variation, with marshes farther inland being more divergent than coastal marshes. In northern marshes, hybridization with Nelson's Sparrow (A. nelsoni) strongly influences Saltmarsh Sparrow genetic variation, by increasing genetic diversity in the population; this has a concomitant effect of increasing genetic differentiation of marshes with high levels of introgression. From a conservation perspective, we found that the majority of population clusters have low effective population sizes, suggesting a lack of resiliency. To conserve the representative breadth of genetic and ecological diversity and to ensure redundancy of populations, it will be important to protect a diversity of marsh types across the latitudinal gradient of the species range, including multiple inland, coastal, and urban populations, which we have shown to exhibit signals of genetic differentiation. It will also require maintaining connectivity at a regional level, by promoting high marsh habitat at the scale of gene flow (∼130 km), while also ensuring “stepping stone” populations across the range. How to Cite Walsh, J., L. E. Fenderson, C. S. Elphick, J. B. Cohen, C. R. Field, L. K. Garey, T. P. Hodgman, A. R. Kocek, R. Longenecker, K. M. O'Brien, B. J. Olsen, K. J. Ruskin, W. G. Shriver, and A. I. Kovach (2023). Surrounding landscape, habitat and hybridization dynamics drive population structure and genetic diversity in the Saltmarsh Sparrow. Ornithological Applications 125:duad025. Understanding the population genetic structure of a species is of critical importance for effective conservation and allows managers to can gain an understanding of connectivity patterns among populations and identify isolated populations that may warrant protection. We combine microsatellite genotyping of 964 Saltmarsh Sparrows (Ammospiza caudacuta) with analyses of local environmental variables to assess factors driving population structure in this imperiled species. We found that, regionally, Saltmarsh Sparrow populations are structured by isolation-by-distance and that isolation-by-resistance and isolation-by-environment also shape genetic variation, as we identified several habitat and landscape features that are associated with genetic diversity and divergence among populations. A majority of the populations studied exhibited low effective population sizes, raising concerns for their long term persistence. To conserve the representative breadth of genetic and ecological diversity and to ensure redundancy of Saltmarsh Sparrow populations, it will be important to protect a diversity of marsh types across the latitudinal gradient. Determinar los factores que dan forma a la estructura genética de la población de una especie es beneficioso para identificar prácticas efectivas de conservación. Evaluamos la estructura poblacional y la diversidad genética de Ammospiza caudacuta, una especie en peligro especializada en marismas, utilizando 13 marcadores de microsatélites y 964 individuos muestreados en 24 marismas a lo largo del rango de reproducción. Mostramos que las poblaciones de A. caudacuta se estructuran regionalmente según el aislamiento por distancia, con un flujo génico entre marismas dentro de los ∼110-135 km entre sí. El aislamiento por resistencia y el aislamiento por ambiente también dan forma a la variación genética; varias características del hábitat y del paisaje están asociadas con la diversidad genética y la divergencia genética entre las poblaciones. El desarrollo humano en el paisaje circundante aísla las marismas usadas para reproducción, reduciendo la diversidad genética y aumentando la divergencia genética de la población, mientras que los humedales circundantes y la calidad de hábitat del parche (proporción de marismas altas y tendencia al aumento del nivel del mar) tienen el efecto opuesto. La distancia de la marisma usada para reproducción al océano Atlántico también influye en la variación genética, siendo las marismas más alejadas hacia el interior más divergentes que las marismas costeras. En las marismas del norte, la hibridación con A. nelsoni influye fuertemente en la variación genética de A. caudacuta, al aumentar la diversidad genética en la población; esto tiene el efecto concomitante de aumentar la diferenciación genética de las marismas con altos niveles de introgresión. Desde una perspectiva de conservación, encontramos que la mayoría de los clústeres poblacionales tienen bajos tamaños poblacionales efectivos, lo que sugiere una falta de resiliencia. Para conservar una adecuada representación de la amplitud de la diversidad genética y ecológica y garantizar la redundancia de las poblaciones, será importante proteger una diversidad de tipos de marismas a lo largo del gradiente latitudinal del rango de la especie, incluyendo múltiples poblaciones de interior, costeras y urbanas, que hemos demostrado que presentan señales de diferenciación genética. También será necesario mantener la conectividad a nivel regional, promoviendo el hábitat de marismas altas a la escala del flujo génico (∼130 km), al tiempo que se garantizan poblaciones “salteadas” en todo el rango.
Atypical manifestations of dengue Gulati, Sameer; Maheshwari, Anu
Tropical medicine & international health,
September 2007, Volume:
12, Issue:
9
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
As the spread of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever is increasing, atypical manifestations are also on the rise, although they may be under reported because of lack of awareness. This review ...compiles descriptions of atypical manifestations of dengue, such as dengue encephalitis, dengue myocarditis, dengue hepatitis and dengue cholecystitis.
Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are widely applied incentive-based instruments with diverse objectives that increasingly include biodiversity conservation. Yet, there is a gap in understanding ...of how to best assess and monitor programs' biodiversity outcomes. We examined perceptions and drivers of engagement related to biodiversity monitoring through surveys among current PES participants in 7 communities in Mexico's Selva Lacandona. We conducted workshops among survey participants that included training and field deployment of tools used to monitor biodiversity and land cover, including visual transects, camera traps, acoustic recorders, and forest cover satellite images. We conducted pre- and postworkshop surveys in each community to evaluate changes in respondents' perceptions following exposure to biodiversity monitoring training and related field activities. We also reviewed existing research on participatory environmental management and monitoring approaches. One quarter of current PES participants in the study area participated in our surveys and workshops. The majority stated interest in engaging in diverse activities related to the procedural aspects of biodiversity monitoring (e.g., planning, field data collection, results dissemination) and acknowledged multiple benefits of introducing biodiversity monitoring into PES (e.g., knowledge and capacity building, improved natural resource management, and greater support for conservation). Household economic reliance on PES was positively associated with willingness to engage in monitoring. Technical expertise, time, and monetary constraints were deterrents. Respondents were most interested in monitoring mammals, birds, and plants and using visual transects, camera traps, and forest cover satellite images. Exposure to monitoring enhanced subsequent interest in monitoring by providing respondents with new insights from their communities related to deforestation and species' abundance and diversity. Respondents identified key strengths and weaknesses of applying different monitoring tools, which suggests that deploying multiple tools simultaneously can increase local engagement and produce complementary findings and data. Overall, our findings support the relevance and usefulness of incorporating participatory biodiversity monitoring into PES.
OBJECTIVETo determine the incidence of dependence-related skin lesions (DRSL) in patients in prone position (PP) and to identify the predisposing factors.METHODFollow-up study in two polyvalent ...intensive care units. Patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation and PP with no skin lesions on admission were included. We recorded the 3 types of DRSL: (pressure ulcers PU, moisture-associated skin damage MASD and friction injuries FI), demographic variables, diagnosis, length of stay, PP episodes, postural changes, APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Disease Classification System), prealbumin level on admission, body mass index (BMI), diabetes, hypertension, smoking, peripheral vascular disease (PVD), vasoactive drugs, Braden scale and mortality. Bivariate analysis: chi-square test, t-test or Mann-Whitney U test. Multivariate analysis: logistic regression.RESULTSForty nine patients were included and 170PP were performed.Forty-one DRSL appeared in 22 patients with a cumulative incidence of 44.9% (95%CI: 31.6-58.7). PU accounted for 63.4% (73.1% facial; 76.9% stage II), 12.2% were MASD (60% inguinal; 60% stage II) and 24.4% were FI (50% thoracic; 70% stage III). The median age of the lesion group (LG) was 66.5 61.8-71.3 vs. 64 43-71 years old in the non-lesion group (NLG), p=0.04. Eighty percent of the LG had PVD vs. 20% of the NLG, p=0.03. The median total hours on PP of the LG was 96.9 56.1-149.4 vs. 38.2 18.8-57 of the NIG, p<0.001. Multivariate analysis selected total PP hours (OR=1.03; 95%CI:1.01-1.05) and PVD (OR=8.9; 95%CI:1.3-58.9) as predisposing factors for developing DRSL.CONCLUSIONSThere is a high incidence of skin lesions related to prone decubitus dependence, mostly pressure lesions, although of low severity.The accumulated hours in probe position and peripheral vascular disease favor their development.
No net loss for people and biodiversity Griffiths, Victoria F.; Bull, Joseph W.; Baker, Julia ...
Conservation biology,
February 2019, Volume:
33, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Governments, businesses, and lenders worldwide are adopting an objective of no net loss (NNL) of biodiversity that is often partly achieved through biodiversity offsetting within a hierarchy of ...mitigation actions. Offsets aim to balance residual losses of biodiversity caused by development in one location with commensurate gains at another. Although ecological challenges to achieve NNL are debated, the associated gains and losses for local stakeholders have received less attention. International best practice calls for offsets to make people no worse off than before implementation of the project, but there is a lack of clarity concerning how to achieve this with regard to people's use and nonuse values for biodiversity, especially given the inevitable trade‐offs when compensating biodiversity losses with gains elsewhere. This is particularly challenging for countries where poor people depend on natural resources. Badly planned offsets can exacerbate poverty, and development and offset impacts can vary across spatial‐temporal scales and by location, gender, and livelihood. We conceptualize the no‐worse‐off principle in the context of NNL of biodiversity, by exploring for whom and how the principle can be achieved. Changes in the spatial and temporal distribution of biodiversity‐related social impacts of a development and its associated offset can lead to social inequity and negatively impact people's well‐being. The level of aggregation (regional, village, interest group, household, and individual) at which these social impacts are measured and balanced can again exacerbate inequity in a system. We propose that a determination that people are no worse off, and preferably better off, after a development and biodiversity offset project than they were before the project should be based on the perceptions of project‐affected people (assessed at an appropriate level of aggregation); that their well‐being associated with biodiversity losses and gains should be at least as good as it was before the project; and that this level of well‐being should be maintained throughout the project life cycle. Employing this principle could help ensure people are no worse off as a result of interventions to achieve biodiversity NNL.
Sin Pérdida Neta para la Biodiversidad y las Personas
Resumen
Los gobiernos, negocios y financiadores están adoptando el objetivo de biodiversidad sin pérdida neta (NNL, en inglés), el cual comúnmente se logra parcialmente por medio de compensaciones por biodiversidad dentro de una jerarquía de acciones de mitigación. Las compensaciones buscan balancear las pérdidas residuales de la biodiversidad causadas por el desarrollo en una localidad con ganancias conmensuradas en otra localidad. Aunque los obstáculos ecológicos para alcanzar la NNL se debaten hoy en día, las ganancias y pérdidas para los accionistas locales han recibido menos atención. La mejor práctica internacional requiere compensaciones para que las personas no estén peor que antes de la implementación del proyecto, pero existe una falta de claridad con respecto a cómo lograr esto considerando el valor de uso o no de la biodiversidad por parte de las personas, especialmente dadas las compensaciones inevitables cuando se resarcen las pérdidas de biodiversidad con ganancias en otros lugares. Esto es un reto particularmente para los países en donde la gente pobre depende de los recursos naturales. Las compensaciones mal planeadas pueden exacerbar la pobreza, y los impactos del desarrollo y las compensaciones puede variar a lo largo de la escala espacio‐temporal y por localidad, género, y sustento. Conceptualizamos el principio de no‐peor‐que en el contexto de la NNL de biodiversidad explorando para quién y cómo se puede lograr este principio. Los cambios en la distribución especial y temporal de los impactos sociales de un proyecto relacionados con la biodiversidad y sus compensaciones asociadas pueden resultar en una inequidad social e impactar negativamente el bienestar de las personas. El nivel de agregación (regional, aldea, grupo de interés. hogar, individual) en el que se miden y balancean estos impactos sociales también puede exacerbar la inequidad en un sistema. Proponemos que la determinación de que las personas no estén peor que antes, y de preferencia mejor que, después de un proyecto de desarrollo y de compensación por la biodiversidad debería basarse en las percepciones de las personas afectadas por el proyecto (evaluadas en un nivel apropiado de agregación); que su bienestar asociado con las pérdidas y ganancias de biodiversidad debería por lo menos ser tan bueno como era antes del proyecto; y que este nivel de bienestar debería mantenerse durante todo el ciclo de vida del proyecto. Si se emplea este principio, se podría ayudar a asegurarle a las personas que no estén peor que antes como resultado de las intervenciones para alcanzar la NNL de biodiversidad.
摘要
世界各国的政府、企业和贷款机构都在努力实现生物多样性无净损失 (no net loss, NNL) 的目标, 这一目标一定程度上是通过分级减控行动中的生物多样性补偿实现的。补偿旨在平衡一个地区发展导致的生物多样性剩余损失与另一个地区的同等收益。虽然实现无净损失面临的生态挑战仍受到争议, 但当地的利益相关者的相应收益和损失受到的关注甚至更少。目前, 国际上的最优做法要求对人们的补偿应能够保证其生活水平不会比项目实施前更低, 但就人们对生物多样性的利用及非利用价值来说, 如何达到这一要求还不明确, 特别是考虑到用其它地方的收益来补偿生物多样性损失时所不可避免地产生的利弊权衡。而这一问题在贫困人口依赖自然资源生活的国家格外具有挑战性。计划不当的补偿可能会加剧贫困, 发展和补偿的影响还会随时空尺度、地点、性别和谋生方式而变化。我们在生物多样性无净损失的背景下, 通过分析无恶化原则将为谁实现、如何实现, 构建了该原则的概念。发展及其补偿所引起的生物多样性相关的社会影响在时间和空间分布上的变化, 会导致社会不平等, 并对人们的福祉产生负面影响。在何种聚合程度上 (地区、村庄、利益集团、家庭、个人) 衡量和平衡这些社会影响, 可能会再次加剧系统中的不平等性。我们认为, 发展及生物多样性补偿项目对人们生活水平影响 (不应比项目开展前更差, 最好有所改善) 的测定应建立在对受项目影响人群的理解和认识上, 即在一个合适的综合的水平上进行评估;另外, 人们与生物多样性收益及损失相关的福祉也至少要与项目实施前一样好, 且项目全程都保持这一水平。采用这个原则有助于确保实现生物多样性无净损失的干预不会导致人们生活水平下降。【翻译: 胡怡思; 审校: 聂永刚】
Article impact statement: That people are no worse off after development and biodiversity offsetting should be based on affected people's perceptions and maintained well‐being.
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