U radu se prikazuje kako se odgovornost liječnika za štetu propisivala tijekom povijesti, odnosno kako se postupno povećavala. Također, za lakše razumijevanje prirode pravnog odnosa između pacijenata ...i pružatelja zdravstvene usluge koja je uistinu najbitniji faktor pri utvrđivanju postojanja građanske odgovornosti, cilj je rada prikazati u glavnim crtama odgovornost liječnika kod pružanja zdravstvenih usluga u skladu s važećim propisima u Republici Hrvatskoj. Razgraničenje pojma liječničke pogrešku od pojma komplikacije najbitniji je faktor za utvrđenje postojanja odgovornosti pružatelja zdravstvene usluge za štetu. Slijedom toga, osvrnuli smo se i na vrste odgovornosti liječnika (kaznenopravnu, građansku, stegovnu-disciplinsku), pojam nesavjesnog liječenja kao zasebnoga kaznenog djela te postupak za naknadu štete u RH. Na kraju članka u kratkim se crtama spominje postupak naknade štete, navođenjem statističkog primjera otvorenih slučajeva za naknadu štete, koje je pokrenuo pacijent zbog nezadovoljstva koje je potaknuto upravo nastalim posljedicama u vidu pogoršanja zdravlja pacijenta, ali i smrtnim posljedicama nakon izvršenih zdravstvenih zahvata liječnika kojima su pacijenti bili podvrgnuti. Oni su pokrenuti kako bi se njima zaštitila povrijeđena ljudska prava. Rad se dotiče problema koji se javljaju u liječničkoj struci, te nudi naputke i prijedloge kao i metodologiju uzajamnog postupanja u odnosu liječnik – pacijent.
The paper shows how the responsibility of medical doctors for damage has been prescribed throughout history, that is, how it has gradually increased. Also, for an easier understanding of the nature of the legal relationship between patients and Health care providers, which is truly the most important factor in determining the existence of civil liability, the aim of the paper is to outline the responsibility of medical doctors when providing health services in accordance with current regulations of the Republic of Croatia. Demarcation between the concept of medical error and the concept of complications is the most important factor for determining the existence of the liability of the healthcare service provider for damage. Consequently, we looked at the types of doctor’s liability (criminal-legal liability, civil liability, punitive-disciplinary liability), the concept of negligent treatment as a separate criminal offense and the procedure for compensation in the Republic of Croatia. At the very end of the paper, the compensation procedure is briefly mentioned, citing a statistical example of open cases for compensation of damages, which were initiated by patients due to the dissatisfaction that was caused by the consequences in the form of the deterioration of the patient’s health, but also by the fatal consequences after the performed medical procedures which patients were subjected to by doctors. They were initiated in order to protect violated human rights. The paper mentions some problems that arise in the medical profession, and offers instructions and suggestions as well as a methodology for mutual treatment in the doctor-patient relationship.
Autor tumači pravni pojam nadoknade štete u kanonskom uređenju. Pravni pojam nadoknade štete ogleda se u ostvarivanju pravednosti koju kanonsko uređenje slijedi. Taj pojam poprima precizne konotacije ...ponajprije s obzirom na vidove odgovornosti koje vjernike uvode u međusubjektivne odnose. Obveza nadoknada štete nepravedno učinjene namjerno ili iz nemara načelo je naravnog prava, koje ima potvrdu u svim civilnim zakonodavstvima. U hrvatskome pravnom uređenju potvrda načela nalazi se u Zakonu o obveznim odnosima (usp. čl. 1045, st. 1). Načelo obveze nadoknade štete u važećem Zakoniku kanonskoga prava određeno je u kan. 128: »Tko god drugome nezakonito nanese štetu pravnim činom, dapače i svakim drugim činom učinjenim namjerno ili iz nemarnosti, obvezan je nadoknaditi štetu.« Opće načelo obveze nadoknade štete potvrđeno je u više kanona važećeg Zakonika (npr. kann. 57, § 3; 982; 1062; 1281, § 1; 1289; 1347; 1389, § 2; 1457, §§ 1–2; 1515; 1521; 1649, § 1, 4°; 1729, § 1 itd.). Za utvrđivanje nepravedno nanesene štete kanonsko pravo predviđa više mehanizama za ostvarivanje prava na nadoknadu štete, odnosno različite modalitete postupanja: nagodbu ili pomirenje ili pak suđenje izbranih sudaca (usp. kann. 1713–1716); parnično suđenje: redoviti ili usmeni postupak (usp. kann. 1501–1670); kazneni postupak (usp. kann. 1718, § 4; 1729–1731); upravni utok na Vrhovni sud Apostolske signature (usp. PB, čl. 123, § 2; LPSA, čl. 34, § 2).
Das Buch behandelt die Haftung der Intermediäre aus der Sicht des Internationalen Privat und Zivilverfahrensrechts. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage, welches Recht bei grenzüberschreitenden ...Sachverhalten, wie sie typischerweise im Internet entstehen, über die Haftung des Intermediärs, der eine Immaterialgüterrechtsverletzung durch Bereitstellen einer Plattform oder eines Zugangsdienstes ermöglicht, entscheidet. Ausgehend von den Vorgaben des immaterialgüterrechtlichen Territorialitätsprinzip und der darauf aufbauenden Schutzlandanknüpfung sowie deren Grenzen, den Vorgaben des Unionsrechts und der materiellrechtlichen Ausgestaltung verschiedener Formen der Haftung für die Ermöglichung von Immaterialgüterrechtsverletzungen im deutschen, französischen und US-amerikanischen Recht wird für die Haftung der Intermediäre eine eigenständige kollisionsrechtliche Anknüpfung befürwortet, die zur Anwendung eines vorhersehbaren Rechts führt.
Mit einem bei der Diskussion oft fehlendem Blick auf die technischen Grundlagen untersucht der Autor die Haftung des Account-Inhabers für missbräuchliche Handlungen eines Dritten über Accounts im ...Internet. Neben der materiellen Frage der Haftung auf Erfüllung oder Schadensersatz behandelt die Arbeit die prozessuale Frage von Beweiserleichterungen. Dabei richtet er den Blick auf Benutzerkonten auf Internetseiten ebenso wie auf E-Mail-Adressen, die elektronische Signatur, den elektronischen Identitätsnachweis im neuen Personalausweis sowie die De-Mail.
The subject of the doctoral dissertation named The Question of Legal Personality, written by Slobodan R. Martinovich, LLM, is the phenomenon of legal personality taken in all its complexity. This ...means that the dissertation offers the answers to all important issues related to the legal personality, and not from the standpoint of either specific legal system, but rather from the standpoint of the law as a phenomenon, regardless of its historical forms. The dissertation answers the following questions: 1) issues related to the concept of legal personality, which includes defining the concept and analyzing its elements, and the analysis of the conditions and procedures for the creation, existence and dissolution of legal personality, as well as the future of this phenomenon; 2) the question of who can be a legal entity and, in this respect, the question of the concept of legal entity, types of entities and relationships between them and between legal and non-legal entities; 3) the issue of fictitious elements in law, as well as the issue of the relationship between legal fictions creating and legal personality; 4) the issue of the state’s legal personality; The dissertation sets the following research goals: 1) determining the general concepts of legal personality and legal entity; 2) determining and analysing the elements of the general concepts of legal personality and legal entity; 3) determining the conditions for the emergence and existence of legal personality; 4) determining the division of the types of legal entities; 5) determining the conditions for the termination of legal personality; 6) analysing mutual relationship between legal entities, as well as the relationship between legal and non-legal entities; 7) an attempt to give forecasts about the circle of legal entities and the contents of their personality. By achieving these goals the candidate intends to achieve another goal, which, according to him, in a sense, is an extract of the set of scientific research goals and their justification. This goal makes a return to legal personality and legal entity as the subject of knowledge, interests and concerns. In addition, the candidate primarily bears in mind the interest (not just scientifical one) and care for human beings, whose existence, acting and welfare represent, in his opinion and to his belief, the essence of legal personality. In order to achieve these goals, the candidate applied several methods of research in the dissertation, first of all– the method of structural analysis of legal personality. By the application of this method the abstract model of legal personality was construced, and it provides an insight in the essence of the phenomenon and its component parts (elements). This facilitates the study of the different regulatory solutions in individual legal systems and enables their systematic and impartial evaluation and criticism. In addition to structural analysis, the following methods are applied in the dissertation, namely : normative method, egsegetic method, historical legal method and comparative method. Finally, the candidate has often used a multidisciplinary approach to the phenomenon of legal personality, which includes reliance on knowledge originating in the field of legal science and in the field of philosophy, sociology, historiography, psychology, psychiatry, anthropology, and other sciences. In the dissertation the candidate supports the thesis that, while looking for the answers to the questions of the legal personality, law theory should not be led by the solutions of this or that legal system, and then declares that there is only one correct solution. The answer to the question who can be considered as a legal entity and what the substance of his personality is, is provided by every legal system. According to a purely legal point of view, none of these answers is incorrect, but any set of norms whose implementation is provided by an organization with a monopoly of physical coercion does not deserve to be called a legal system, nor such an organization deserves to be called a state. In this regard, an essential feature of any legal system is its focus on the value realization. The question of legal personality itself is the question of value par excellence because the determination of the conditions for the acquisition, duration and termination of the status of legal entity as well as defining the contents and еxtent of individual rights, legal obligations and legal responsibilities shows the value profile of a legal system in the best way. In the dissertation, the candidate stands for value relativism, noting that the greatest sufferings throughout history were caused in the name of the belief in the absolute of some values. Hence, the strongest barrier to such phenomena is the value relativism itself, which in any case does not deny the importance of values. On the contrary, applied to the law, value relativism sets, as the main task of any state, the foster realization of the broadest possible range of values. If the values are relative, then the only values which do not interfere with the existence of other values have the right to the acknowledgment. The candidate puts forward the hypothesis that the common definition of legal personality (the legal entity's ability to be the holder/owner of rights and obligations, does not express the true nature of the phenomenon. That is why the dissertation offers different definitions of legal personality: the legal personality is a position of subordination to the authority of legal norms, which originates substantive and procedural individual rights, legal obligations, legal responsibilities and relevant legal actions. In support of such a definition, the candidate gives the following arguments: 1. In order to have individual rights and obligations, one must be subordinate to the authority of legal norms - subordination to this authority, logically but not historically, goes before the possession of rights and obligations. 2. The definition of legal personality as the ability to have rights and obligations gives no information about the origin of these rights and obligations, and they must come from the law – not just from one's will. 3. In connection with the cited under 2, the definition proposed in the dissertation implicitly contains the answer to the question of the position of state as a legal entity and of its relation to other legal entities. This definition suggests that the state government is subservient to legal norms and its relationship to the rights and obligations of other legal entities is defined by legal norms. 4. Emphasizing that legal entity possesses substantive and procedural rights underlines the right to legal protection, whereas such protection, in the form of possessing procedural rights, belongs to both the active and the passive side of the substantive relationship, and legal obligations and responsibilities belongs also to both parties in substantive legal relationship. The proposed definition also takes into account the norms regulating legal proceedings and whose systematic, sophistication and comprehensiveness represent differentia specifica of law. 5. Determination of legal personality as a position of subordination to the authority of legal norms emphasizes the nature of law as a communicating phenomenon. The subordination to the authority of legal norms implies an exchange of imperative-attributive messages among persons who are subordinate to such authority. 6. From the statement about the authority of legal norms over legal entities places emphasis on the importance of interpretation of legal norms. The interpretations of legal norms are very important for the realization of the values in the form of peace, order and legal certainty by setting the irrebuttable presumption of the true meaning of legal norms, i. e. the presumption of who has the right, who has the legal obligations and who is responsible in every concrete case. In this way, we emphasize the importance of the court as an impartial third entitity, which authoritatively determines the true meaning of legal norms and dismisses dispute about a person's rights, legal obligations and /or legal rensponsibility. 7. By defining a legal personality as the position of subordination to the authority of legal norms, that originates substantive and procedural individual rights, legal obligations, legal responsibilities and relevant legal actions we avoid to impoverish legal personality, i. e. we avoid to reduce it to legal statics (legal capacity). Thus we stress the importance of legal dynamics, the right essential phenomenon for which the legal statics exists. 8. Determination of legal personality as ability of possessing rights and obligations could be misleading to wrong conlusion that legal personality springs necessarily from a natural and permanent capacity of a holder of the rights, obligations and responsibilities. On the contrary, there is a legal entity only if it is acknowledged, and the acknowledgement does not necessarily springs from natural and permanent characteristics of a being or a creation which is recognized as legal entity. The concept of legal entity corresponds with the concept of legal personality which is offered in the dissertation: it is a natural or an artificial creation which has been granted legal personality, i. e. which is in the position of subordination to the authority of legal norms, that originates substantive and procedural individual rights, legal obligations, legal responsibilities and relevant legal actions (their own and/or other artificial creations and creatures). The dissertation also offeres a prediction regarding the changes to be expected in the foreseeable future. These are: 1) the emergence of new types of legal entities; 2) changes in the volume of legal personality; 3) changes in the occurrence and cessation of legal personality; and 4) the disappearance of some types of legal
U radu se analizira pojam pravne odgovornosti u slučaju prouzročenja štete, polazeći od rezultata kritike shvaćanja o popravljanju štete kao o vrsti građanskopravne sankcije. U prvom dijelu rada ...izlaže se pojam pravne odgovornosti sa stajališta opće teorije i filozofije prava te se ustanovljuju njegova bitna obilježja. Potom se, na temelju ustanovljenih bitnih obilježja pojma pravne odgovornosti, analizira uobičajeno poimanje odgovornosti za štetu te odgovara na pitanje je li odgovornost za štetu uistinu jedna vrsta pravne odgovornosti. Naposljetku, izlaže se novi normativni sadržaj pravne odgovornosti u slučaju prouzročenja štete te se navode njegove moguće teorijske prednosti.
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