This volume discusses the advantages and drawbacks of ten approaches to AVT and highlights the potential avenues opened up by new methods. Originally published as a special issue of Target 28:2 ...(2016).
Trends in E-Tools and Resources for Translators and Interpreters offers a collection of contributions from key players in the field of translation and interpreting that accurately outline some of the ...most cutting-edge technologies in this field.
Rotační pohyb hydraulického nakládacího jeřábu bývá v současnosti realizován dvěma způsoby a to buď hřebenovým převodem, nebo pomocí rotačního hydraulického motoru. Obě varianty mají své výhody a ...nevýhody, které je zapotřebí přiblížit a následně varianty porovnat.
This study offers a novel view of Conference Interpreting by looking at EU interpreters as a professional community of practice. In particular, Duflou's work focuses on the nature of the competence ...conference interpreters working for the European Parliament and the European Commission need to acquire in order to cope with their professional tasks. Making use of observation as a member of the community, in-depth interviews and institutional documents, she explores the link between the specificity of the EU setting and the knowledge and skills required. Her analysis of the learning experiences of newcomers in the professional community shows that EU interpreters' competence is to a large extent context-dependent and acquired through situated learning. In addition, it highlights the various factors which have an impact on this learning process. Using the way Dutch booth EU interpreters share the workload in the booth as a case, Duflou demonstrates the importance of mastering collaborative and embodied skills for EU interpreters. She thereby challenges the idea of interpreting competence from an individual, cognitive accomplishment and redefines it as the ability to apply the practical and setting-determined know-how required to function as a full member of the professional community.
This book contains a selection of papers presented at the First Forli Conference on Interpreting Studies, held on 9-11 November 2000, which saw the participation of leading researchers in the field. ...The volume offers a comprehensive overview of the current situation and future prospects in interpretation studies, and in the interpreting profession at the beginning of a new century. Topics addressed include not only theoretical and methodological issues, but also applications to training and quality. The range of subjects covered is thus broad and comprehensive. Particular attention is given to the changing profile of the profession, as different modes of interpreting "outside the booth" - i.e. all forms of "dialogue interpreting", as well as interpreting for the media - give rise to new and stimulating research work. The variety of papers in this volume bears witness to the wealth of different perspectives in interpreting studies today. It covers topics of interest to scholars of translation and interpretation studies, professional interpreters, and to anyone interested in language mediation in its theoretical and applied aspects.
Simultaneous interpretation is among the most complex of human cognitive/linguistic activities. This study, which will interest practitioners and trainers as well as linguists, draws more on ...linguistics-based theories of cognition in communication (cognitive semantics and pragmatics) than on the traditional information-processing approaches of cognitive psychology, and shows SI to be a valuable source of data on language and cognition.Starting from semantic representations of input and output in samples of professional SI from Chinese and German into English, the analysis explains the classic phenomena - anticipation, restoration of the implicit-explicit balance, and communicative re-packaging ('re-ostension') of the discourse - in terms of an intermediate cognitive model in working memory, allowing a more unitary view of resource management in the SI task. Relevance-theoretic analysis of the input discourse reveals rich pragmatic information guiding the construction of the appropriate contexts and the speaker's underlying intentionalities. The course of meaning assembly is reconstructed in annotated synchronised transcripts.
The image of the tightrope walker illustrates the interpreter's balancing act. Compelled to move forward at a pace set by someone else, interpreters compensate for pressures and surges that might ...push them into the void. The author starts from the observation that conference interpreters tend to see survival as being their primary objective. It is interpreters' awareness of the essentially face-threatening nature of the profession that naturally induces them to seek what the author calls "dynamic equilibrium", a constantly evolving state in which problems are resolved in the interests of maintaining the integrity of the system as a whole. By taking as a starting point the more visible interventions interpreters make (comments on speed of delivery, on exchanges between the chair and the floor), the author is able to explore the interpreter's instinct for self-preservation in an inherently unstable environment. This volume is an insightful and refreshing account of interpreters' behavior from the other side of the glass-fronted booth.
Myelodysplastický syndrom (MDS) je charakterizovaná dysplastickou inefektivní hemopoézou s předčasným zánikem (apoptózou) krvetvorných buněk ve dřeni a následnou cytopenií v krvi (především ...refrakterní anémií). MDS je onemocnění převážně vyššího věku. Vyskytuje se ve věku nad 60 let ve frekvenci 20 až 50 nemocných na 100 000 obyvatel. MDS je řazen mezi onkohematologická onemocnění, protože skoro v 1/3 případů končí transformací do akutní myeloidní leukemic. Patogeneza je zatím nejasná, předpokládá se sumace mutagenních vlivů prostředí. Jde o heterogenní onemocnění, které se rozpadá do 5 podskupin (dle FAB-klasifikace), a to 2 typů refrakterních anémií, 2 podskupin cytopenií s přítomností leukemické populace a pridružené skupiny chronické myelomonocytární leukémie. Klinický obraz je určován cytopenií, somatický nález je necharakteristický. V laboratorním obrazu kromě periferní cytopenie určuje diagnózu nález dysplastické krvetvorby ve dřeni. Nezbytné je cytogenetické vyšetření s chromozomálními aberacemi až u 60 % nemocných. Tato vyšetření umožňují stanovit prognózu choroby. Nemocní umírají bud na akutní leukémii nebo na komplikace při těžké pancytopenii nebo na nehematologickou chorobu. Protože jde o staré osoby, je u nich častá polymorbidita. Protože patogeneza MDS není jasná, není zatím známá ani účinná terapie. Zkoušejí se různé způsoby léčby podle toho, zda jde o refrakterní cytopenie nebo už známky leukemizace choroby. Různé druhy terapie jsou vesměs účinně maximálně u 30 % nemocných, a to dočasně. Často nezbývá než udržovat nemocné pravidelným podáváním transfuzí, ovšem s následnou siderózou. Jediný způsob vyléčení je úspěšná alotransplantace kmenových buněk u mladších nemocných.
Meylodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is characterized by dysplastic ineffective haematopoiesis with premature death (apoptosis) of homogenous cells in bone marrow and subsequent cytopenia in blood (mainly due to refractory anaemia). MDS is a disease in particular of older age. It occurs in the age of 60 and over in rate of 20 to 50 patients in 100 000 inhabitants. MDS belongs to oncohemalogical diseases because in almost 1/3 of all cases it is transformed into acute myeloid leukaemia. Pathogenesis is not clear yet, it is assumed to be a summation of mutagenic influences of environment. It is a heterogeneous disease which can be categorized into 5 subgroups (according to FAB classihcation) and these are 2 types of refractory anaemia, 2 subgroups of cytopenia with the presence of leukemic cell population. Clinical picture is determined by cytopenia, somatic finding is uncharacteristic. In a laboratory picture, apart from peripheral cytopenia the diagnosis is determined by the finding of dysplastic haematopoiesis in bone marrow. Cytogenetic examination with chromosomal aberrations is necessary in 60 % of patients. These examinations enable to determine the prognosis of the disease. Patients die either of acute leukaemia or of comphcations when suffering from serious pancytopenia or from non-haematological disease. Because patients are elderly persons, they very often suffer from polymorbidity. Pathogenesis o/MDS is not clear, therefore no effective therapy exists so far. Different ways of treatment are tested according to whether the patient has developed refractory cytopenia or signs of leukemization. Different types of therapy are typically efficient in at most 30 % of patients and are only temporary Often the only possibility is to keep the patients alive by regular transfusions, however that results in siderosis. The only way of cure in younger patients is successful allotransplatation of stem cells.
Radana Neuwirtová
Lit. 26
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