Integrated social studies learning has begun to be applied in various middle school (Sekolah Menengah Pertama) in Padang, especially since 2007. The principle of integration is integrating four ...fields of study, namely geography, economics, history and sociology into a certain theme. Integrated learning, firstly stated in the 2013 curriculum ideally, but in practice, it was different. Teachers at schools still cannot fully implement the Integrated Social Studies learning as appropriate, including SMP in Padang city. The purpose of this study is to see how Social studies which are in the Public Middle School in Padang. This research was conducted in several junior high schools in Padang. 8 of 43 public junior high schools in Padang to be the research subject, choose randomly, namely SMPN 1, SMPN 2, SMPN 6, SMPN 7, SMPN 8, SMPN 15, SMPN 16, dan SMPN 35. Data were collected through interviews with some social studies teachers, the Ministry of Education in Padang, and education observers in Padang. Research data was also collected through studies documentation and direct observation in class. The result shows that most social studies teachers at Padang in Junior High School not yet able to carry out Integrated Social Studies learning. There are still weaknesses in the selection of learning models which can support social studies learning, media and source selection improper learning.
The aim of the contribution is to focus on the conflicts arising between climate-related renewable energy goals vis-a-vis environmental protection interests. To this effect, the analysis will firstly ...investigate the origin of such types of conflicts, which may also be named intra-environmental conflicts, and define their main characteristics; secondly, the regulatory choices made by the RED II and the RED III Directives to manage these conflicts will be presented and compared, with a particular focus on the three key features of the recently approved RED III Directive; thirdly, an alternative approach to address such types of conflicts will be proposed. This is based on the principle of integration, to be interpreted with an ecological sustainability reading of the principle of sustainable development.
The introduction of the “brain death” criterion constitutes a significant paradigm shift in the determination of death. The perception of the public at large is that the Catholic Church has formally ...endorsed this neurological standard. However, a critical reading of the only magisterial document on this subject, Pope John Paul II's 2000 address, shows that the pope's acceptance of the neurological criterion is conditional in that it entails a twofold requirement. It requires that certain medical presuppositions of the neurological standard are fulfilled, and that its philosophical premise coheres with the Church's teaching on the body-soul union. This article demonstrates that the medical presuppositions are not fulfilled, and that the doctrine of the brain as the central somatic integrator of the body does not cohere either with the current holistic understanding of the human organism or with the Church's Thomistic doctrine of the soul as the form of the body.
Summary
The concept of “brain death” (the neurological basis for legally declaring a person dead) has caused much controversy since its inception. In this regard, it has been generally perceived that the Catholic Church has officially affirmed the “brain death” criterion. The address of Pope John Paul II in 2000 shows, however, that he only gave it a conditional acceptance, one which requires that several medical and philosophical presuppositions of the “brain death” standard be fulfilled. This article demonstrates, taking into consideration both the empirical evidence and the Church's Thomistic anthropology, that the presuppositions have not been fulfilled.
Le développement durable a fait son entrée dans l’arsenal juridique marocain en 2003 à travers la loi 11-03 relative à la protection et à la mise en valeur de l’environnement. En 2011, la nouvelle ...Constitution du royaume du Maroc a reconnu le droit au développement durable et a évoqué le développement durable à plusieurs reprises, notamment par l’institution du Conseil économique, social et environnemental. En 2014, la Charte nationale de l’environnement et du développement durable a été adoptée. Le Maroc affiche donc le choix, sans équivoque, pour un développement durable. Il serait alors intéressant de vérifier comment le droit marocain appréhende ce choix en évaluant, dans un premier temps, les instruments juridiques de portée générale, en l’occurrence la Constitution et la Charte nationale de l’environnement et du développement durable, avant de vérifier dans un second temps, sa portée dans d’autres instruments juridiques sectoriels.
El principio de integración es quizá el principio jurídico más adecuado y específico que tiene el Derecho internacional para contribuir al objetivo del desarrollo sostenible porque es el que mejor ...sintetiza el verdadero significado de la noción de desarrollo sostenible y porque es el principio jurídico más operativo. Este principio exige integrar los aspectos económicos, sociales y medioambientales vinculados con el desarrollo sostenible tanto en el momento de la creación de las normas jurídicas como en el de su aplicación.
La tesis central que se defiende en este trabajo es que el principio de integración puede ser un buen instrumento para facilitar las relaciones entre regímenes internacionales porque opera de forma transversal, lo que facilita las relaciones internormativas entre disposiciones que pueden hallarse en regímenes diferentes y proporciona respuestas jurídicas más complejas. Además, el principio de integración no tiene un contenido único y fijo para todos los Estados sino que depende del contexto y de las circunstancias en las que opera. Asimismo, se defiende que el principio de integración de los aspectos económicos, sociales y medioambientales del desarrollo sostenible se puede considerar en la actualidad una norma de Derecho internacional general obligatoria para todos los Estados y que el desafío ahora es hacerlo operativo.
The main directions of the evolution of the subject of automation in the framework of integrated automated control systems and related problems of ensuring the interoperability of functional ...subsystems are considered. It is noted that the automation of management functions in the management system at the level of automation of tasks for their implementation exhausts its resources as the functionality of the system expands, the complexity of its structure and algorithms of functioning increases. At the same time, the automation of management processes becomes a priority, i.e. the automation of management processes, bringing it to a new qualitative level of providing cross-functional (inter-task) interaction horizontally. The process basis for the development of control systems for various purposes becomes an important prerequisite for the creation of integrated control systems as network-centric systems. It is noted that as the complexity of control systems increases and the application of promising technologies for their creation, the horizon of threats and predicted dangers expands, and the problem of interoperability of functional systems as part of an integrated control system comes to the fore. The main factors that determine the new directions of the emergence of vulnerabilities in the life cycle of integrated systems are presented, the analysis of which is proposed to be carried out at the level of a complete group of processes in the life cycle of systems. With this in mind, the interpretation of the traditional problem of interoperability of integrated control systems is presented on the basis of the decomposition of target and counteracting processes. The algorithm of interaction of processes within the target process is described, the subject of synchronization of processes in the life cycle of integrated systems at the level of their attributes (process input and output, resources for process implementation and process management) is illustrated. In the development of the integrated application of the functional and process approach, it is proposed to integrate management systems in the future according to the cascade principle: as the scale and complexity of the management system increases, it is proposed to first integrate its functional systems on a process basis, then, if necessary, to combine several integrated management systems, to conduct it on a functional basis. In the future, when creating large-scale integrated management systems, it is proposed to use a process basis for combining them. In this regard, at each level of integration of the management system, it is necessary to ensure the formation of several interrelated areas of process synchronization, and the system of synchronization of processes at the level of their attributes should be created taking into account the principle of centralized management.
Les déchets ont été initialement appréhendés selon la summa divisio classique droit public-droit privé, occultant ainsi leur dimension environnementale. L’extension progressive de la notion de déchet ...au regard des enjeux environnementaux et économiques remet en cause cette distinction traditionnelle au nom d’une nécessaire unité du déchet autour de ses différentes composantes intrinsèques. L’ambivalence de la nature du déchet impose de dépasser la division du droit.Le respect de l’intégrité du déchet, de sa conformité à lui-même, rend alors nécessaire la cohabitation du droit de l’environnement avec les autres branches du droit existantes dans le cadre d’une coproduction qui s’impose des contraintes mutuelles. L’objectif de notre étude consiste à définir les modalités de collaboration entre les différentes disciplines juridiques, fondées, d’une part, sur l’intégration de la gestion des déchets dans les règles du marché, assurant la rencontre des considérations environnementales et économiques, et fondées, d’autre part, sur l’application du droit de la concurrence à la gestion des déchets lorsque les pratiques intègrent la composante environnementale. C’est dans la définition des conditions d’interaction entre les impératifs environnementaux et économiques que l’unité du déchet peut être consacrée.
Waste was previously apprehended along the classic summa division of public and private law while concealing its environmental dimension. This traditional distinction has been called into question ever since the notion of waste has gradually expanded in view of economic and environmental issues. The unity of the notion of waste around his inherent parts is now necessary. The ambivalent nature of waste dictates us to go further than this division of law. In order to respect waste’s integrity and its true nature, environmental law must work together with other branches of law towards a co-production that implies mutual constraints. Defining the different ways these legal disciplines collaborate constitutes the study’s objective. These are founded on one hand, on waste management’s integration into market laws, ensuring the meeting of environmental and economical considerations and on the other hand, on the application of competition law to waste management when practices integrate an environmental aspect. Only once the interactions between environmental and economical imperatives are defined can waste’s unity be recognised.
The aim of the present study is to clarify the nature of integration between the individual and the organization. I have utilized four analytical tools in this endeavor – forms of association, ...theoretical starting points, integrating factors, and principles of integration. The forms of association have been taken from Amitai Etzioni's model for describing the interplay between members' experience of an organization and organizational sanctions. These in turn provide us with three categories – coercion, when association is steered by constraint exercised by the organization; interest, when integration proceeds deliberately and voluntarily; and normative or institutional integration, when association is steered by a normative community. The starting point selected is important, and often decisive, for any effort to understand the connection between the individual and the organization. In the present effort to theoretically explain how a particular association between individual and organization emerges, I have deliberately selected human nature (the integrating unit) from the choice of two alternatives for the starting point. That is to say that the starting point for integration should be sought not in the organization, but in people. The reason for this decision is my contention that organizations have no organic form, and that they can be steered and influenced in a completely differently way than people. In order for the theoretical starting point to function as a explanatory factor, it should provide the location for an active element. I have chosen the individual's striving for development and maturity as the active element or integrating factor in this regard. The integration of individual and organization is fostered to the extent that the individual's striving for development is satisfied within the framework of the organization. I argue that participation is the principle of integration that serves this goal. In conclusion, participation promotes the integration of the individual and organization, and it drives the process of integration in respect to three forms of coordination – coercion, interest, and institutional integration. Submission (the absence of participation) leads to coercion. Negotiation (the preliminary stage of participation) leads to interest integration. Participation, finally, leads to institutional integration.
The purpose of this essay is to account for the control that the Constitutional Court performs over the laws that approve international treaties dealing with human rights, with special emphasis on ...criminal matters. According to Article 93 of Constitution, this control is a requirement for the inclusion of foreign law into the compendium of domestic legislation, giving prevalence to the role of human dignity. For this, the role of constitutional jurisdiction in Colombia in the construction of a criminal policy will be examined, from its creation in 1991 until the enforcement of the Criminal Code in 2000. Said policy, in the form of guidelines and limits, has shaped the actions of both the legislative and executive powers regarding crime prevention and control.
Este artigo pretende explicar a fiscalização pelo Tribunal Constitucional às leis que aprovam os tratados internacionais relativos aos direitos humanos, com inci-dência especial em matéria penal. Em conformidade com o artigo 93º do estatuto acima, este controle é um requisito para a inclusão de compêndio legislação externa de normas legais nacionais e, ao mesmo o papel da dignidade humana no processo de integração é destacada. Para isso, o papel da jurisdição constitucional na Colômbia-desde a sua criação, em 1991, será determinado, até a emissão do Código Penal em 2000 na construção de uma política criminosa que, por meio de diretrizes e limites, delineou tanto as ações de legislador e do executivo contra a prevenção eo controlo da criminalidade.
En este artículo se propone dar cuenta del control que realiza la Corte Constitucional a las leyes aprobatorias de tratados internacionales que versan sobre derechos humanos, con especial incidencia en materia penal. De conformidad con el artículo 93 del estatuto superior, este control es un requisito para la inserción de la legislación externa al compendio de la normatividad jurídica interna y en el mismo se resalta el papel de la dignidad humana en el proceso de integración. Para ello se determinará el rol de la jurisdicción constitucional en Colombia –desde su creación en 1991, hasta la expedición del Código Penal en 2000– en la construcción de una política criminal que, a manera de directrices y límites, ha perfilado tanto el accionar del legislador como el del Ejecutivo frente a la prevención y control del delito.
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