We study the problem of information sharing in a supply chain with two competing manufacturers selling substitutable products through a common retailer. Our analysis shows that the retailer's ...incentive to share information strongly depends on nonlinear production cost, competition intensity, and whether the retailer can offer a contract to charge a payment for the information. Without information contracting, the retailer has an incentive to share information for free when production economy is large but has no incentive to do so when there is production diseconomy. With information contracting, the retailer has an incentive to share information when either production diseconomy/economy is large or competition is intense. We characterize the conditions under which the retailer shares information with none, one, or both of the manufacturers. We also show that the retailer prefers to sell information sequentially rather than concurrently to the manufacturers, whereas the manufacturers' preferences are reversed.
Cette étude vise à analyser la rentabilité de la culture d’oignons dans la région Fès Meknès au Maroc et visualiser la sensibilité de cette culture face à une augmentation des coûts de production ou ...baisse de rendement du aux changements climatiques Les données utilisées ont été collectées auprès de 80 producteurs choisis de façon aléatoire. Différentes méthodes d’analyse, l’analyse budgétaire, la comparaison entre la valeur de production et les coûts de production, ainsi que l’analyse de corrélation, ont été utilisées pour l’analyse des données. Les résultats de l’analyse budgétaire montrent que la production d’oignons est rentable et que la rentabilité est sensible à une baisse de production ou une hausse de coût. Par comparaison, l’analyse montre que les répercussions d’un choc de production sont plus néfastes d’une augmentation des coûts de production. Afin d’accroître la rentabilité, les producteurs devraient adopter des pratiques agricoles qui favorisent la productivité. L’analyse corrélationnelle révèle une relation positive et significative entre le revenu net agricole et le type d’irrigation et le niveau d’instruction des exploitants. Ces variables sont des facteurs à prendre en compte pour améliorer le niveau de rentabilité.
This study aims to analyze the profitability of onion cultivation in the Fez Meknes region in Morocco and visualize the sensitivity of this crop to an increase in production costs or a decrease in yield due to climate change.The data used were collected from 80 randomly selected producers. Various analysis methods, budget analysis, comparison between production value and production costs, as well as correlation analysis, were used for data analysis. The results of the budget analysis show that onion production is profitable and that profitability is sensitive to a decrease in production or an increase in cost. By comparison, the analysis shows that the repercussions of a production shock are more harmful from an increase in production costs. In order to increase profitability, producers should adopt agricultural practices that promote productivity. The correlational analysis reveals a positive and significant relationship between the net agricultural income and the type of irrigation and the level of education of the farmers. These variables are factors to be taken into account to improve the level of profitability.
•Installed equipment cost takes the higher share of capital investment cost.•Irrespective of technology type, feedstock takes most of biodiesel production cost.•Economic feasibility of biodiesel ...production is largely affected by feedstock cost.•Acid catalysts are cost effective to produce biodiesel from cheap feedstock.•Cheap & reusable catalysts reduce manufacturing cost and improve productivity.
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel similar to conventional diesel. It is usually produced from straight vegetable oil, animal fat, tallow, non-edible plant oil and waste cooking oil. Its biodegradability, non-toxicity and being free of sulfur and aromatics makes it advantageous over the conventional petrol diesel. It emits less air pollutants and greenhouse gases other than nitrogen oxides. In addition, it is safer to handle and has lubricity benefits than fossil diesel. However, with all these environmental benefits, biodiesel could not be extensively applied as a complete substitute fuel for conventional diesel. The main reason, repeatedly mentioned by many researchers, is its higher cost of production. Reduction of the cost of biodiesel production (unit cost of production) can be attained through improving productivity of the technologies to increase yield, reducing capital investment cost and reducing the cost of raw materials. These demand a thorough execution of economic analysis among the available possible technology alternatives, catalyst alternatives, as well as feedstock alternatives so that the best option, in economic terms, can be selected. With this respect, there are a number of researches done to investigate economically better way of producing biodiesel as a substitute fuel. Accordingly, this paper is meant to review the researches done on economics of biodiesel production, emphasizing on the methods of assessment and determination of total investment cost and operation cost, as well as on assessment of economically better technology, catalyst and feedstock alternatives. It also gives emphasis on profitability of biodiesel production and the major system variables affecting economic viability of biodiesel production.
Electrode processing plays an important role in advancing lithium-ion battery technologies and has a significant impact on cell energy density, manufacturing cost, and throughput. Compared to the ...extensive research on materials development, however, there has been much less effort in this area. In this Review, we outline each step in the electrode processing of lithium-ion batteries from materials to cell assembly, summarize the recent progress in individual steps, deconvolute the interplays between those steps, discuss the underlying constraints, and share some prospective technologies. This Review aims to provide an overview of the whole process in lithium-ion battery fabrication from powder to cell formation and bridge the gap between academic development and industrial manufacturing.
Abstract
Based on the production and detection procedures of a medical infusion connector, the original detection device was innovatively designed, and an airtightness detection device with automatic ...loading/unloading function was developed, in an effort to improve the loading/unloading efficiency and airtightness detection efficiency of the infusion connector and complete the automatic detection task at rate of 20-30 ones per min. The basic device composition of this infusion connector was introduced, and the basic structural features and working principles of each device were analyzed. The importance was attached to the calculation methods for key dimensions that influenced the detection quality and material loading, and in this way, while the batch material loading was realized, the difficulties in the airtightness detection and automatic sorting of finished products were solved. The original manual material loading was converted into automatic material loading and the frequency of simultaneous airtightness detection was increased, which reduced the amount of labor used, improved the overall production efficiency and lowered the production cost.
Electrochemical and photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction technologies offer the promise of zero-carbon-emission renewable fuels needed for heavy-duty transportation. However, the inert nature of the ...CO2 molecule poses a fundamental challenge that must be overcome before efficient (photo)electrochemical CO2 reduction at scale will be achieved. Optimal catalysts exhibit enduring stability, fast kinetics, high selectivity, and low manufacturing cost. Identifying catalytic mechanisms of CO2 reduction in (photo)electrochemical systems could accelerate design of efficient catalysts. In recent decades, numerous theoretical studies have contributed to our understanding of CO2 reduction pathways and identifying rate-limiting steps. Although a significant body of work exists regarding homogeneous electrocatalysis for CO2 reduction, this review focuses specifically on the theory of heterogeneous (photo)electrochemical reduction. We first give an overview of the relevant thermodynamics and semiconductor physics. We then introduce important, widely used theoretical techniques and modeling approaches to catalysis. Recent progress in elucidating mechanisms of heterogeneous (photo)electrochemical CO2 reduction is discussed through the lens of two experimental systems: pyridine (Py)-catalyzed CO2 (photo)electrochemical reduction at p-GaP photoelectrodes and electrochemical CO2 reduction at Cu electrodes. We close by proposing strategies and principles for the future design of (photo)electrochemical catalysts to improve the selectivity and reaction kinetics of CO2 reduction.
As agroindústrias familiar rural surgem a partir de sonhos empreendedores ou como forma de agregar valor para melhorar a renda. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a viabilidade econômica e o ...custo de produção de um empreendimento agroindustrial familiar da região Central de Rondônia. Para tal, elaborou-se um instrumental, tendo como base o princípio da ferramenta FOFA, fez-se oficinas participativas e análise de materiais secundários. O custo da construção representou 36,9%. Já aquisição dos equipamentos e veículo utilitário representou 49,9% dos investimentos. Já o principal item do custo variável é o leite, principal matéria prima com 22,7%. Neste sentido, para produzir um litro de leite pasteurizado, o custo fixo de R$ 0,41, o variável de R$ 2,67 totalizando R$ 3,08 que gera um prejuízo de 6,5%, pois é comercializando à R$ 2,88. Já o iogurte, tem custo fixo de R$ 0,44, o variável de R$ 4,30 totalizando R$ 4,74 que gera um lucro de 43,5%, pois é comercializando à R$ 6,80. Conclui-se que a agroindústria é de pequeno porte, com pequena escala de produção, atendendo o mercado local, com parâmetros rígidos de controle sanitário, de acordo com o PROVE/RO e a produção se dá com uso de tecnologias. Quanto à gestão, encontram-se dificuldades em controlar os custos de produção. Diante disso, fica evidente que a produção agroindustrial necessita de gestão profissionalizada, ou seja, os produtores devem buscar formação para melhor controle de sua atividade, otimizando os recursos de modo a garantir a sustentabilidade do empreendimento.
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•The platform’s combating effort has a non-monotonic effect on sellers’ profits.•Optimal combating effort level depends on the authentic firm’s production cost.•The authentic firm can ...be better off with a higher production cost.
In recent years, criticism of online marketplaces has been incessant because of the widespread presence of counterfeit goods. This study develops an analytical framework to investigate the interactions among an online marketplace, an authentic brand seller, and a counterfeiter of the brand. Both sellers exert efforts to attract sales for the brand, and the online platform determines its effort level in combating counterfeiters. Our analysis reveals several interesting insights. First, our analysis shows that the platform’s combating effort has a non-monotonic impact on both sellers’ profits. Second, the platform’s optimal combating effort level relies on the production cost of the authentic firm. The platform finds it optimal to exert maximum possible effort to combat counterfeiters when the unit cost of the authentic product is very low, and not to combat when the unit cost is very high. Third, interestingly, the authentic seller can be better off with a higher production cost due to the strategic reaction of the platform whose revenue derives from both types of sellers. The intuition and managerial implications of these insights are discussed.
A competitividade perpassa vários fatores organizacionais, dentre eles o controle por meio de indicadores da produtividade. Nesse sentido, a digitalização da manufatura tornou-se necessária para o ...efetivo controle da função de produção nas indústrias. Com essas premissas, o presente estudo procurou avaliar o impacto da digitalização na gestão da produção em uma empresa do Polo Industrial de Manaus que utiliza a injeção plástica como processo produtivo. Para avaliar o grau de impacto da digitalização foram coletados dados e a forma de controle do processo, por meio dos registros históricos da produção nos últimos seis meses. As variáveis consideradas foram: índice de rejeição por problemas de qualidade, produtividade e custos de produção. Com a digitalização do processo de gestão, os resultados mostraram melhoria no índice de defeitos, aumento das quantidades produzidas e redução de custos de produção.
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