In recent years, the use of plant hormones, such as abscisic acid (ABA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP), has gained significant attention for their role in mitigating abiotic stresses across various ...plant species. These hormones have been shown to play a vital role in enhancing the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and eliciting a wide range of plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic efficiency, oxidative stress and response of antioxidants and other physiological responses. While previous research has been conducted on the individual impact of ABA and 6-BAP in metal stress resistance among various crop species, their combined effects in the context of heavy metal-stressed conditions remain underexplored. The current investigation is to assess the beneficial effects of single and combined ABA (5 and 10 μM L-1) and 6-BAP (5 and 10 μM L-1) applications in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivated in chromium (Cr)-contaminated soil (100 μM). Our results showed that the Cr toxicity in the soil showed a significant declined in the growth, gas exchange attributes, sugars, AsA-GSH cycle, cellular fractionation, proline metabolism in O. sativa. However, Cr toxicity significantly increased oxidative stress biomarkers, organic acids, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants including their gene expression in O. sativa seedlings. Although, the application of ABA and 6-BAP showed a significant increase in the plant growth and biomass, gas exchange characteristics, enzymatic and non-enzymatic compounds and their gene expression and also decreased the oxidative stress, And Cr uptake. In addition, individual or combined application of ABA and 6-BAP enhanced the cellular fractionation and decreases the proline metabolism and AsA-GSH cycle in rice plants. These results open new insights for sustainable agriculture practices and hold immense promise in addressing the pressing challenges of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils.
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a major cereal grain and is known as a halophyte (a halophyte is a salt-tolerant plant that grows in soil or waters of high salinity). We therefore conducted a pot ...experiment to explore plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange attributes, stomatal properties, oxidative stress and antioxidant response and their associated gene expression and absorption of ions in H. Vulgare. The soil used for this analysis was artificially spiked at different salinity concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM) and different levels of ascorbic acid (AsA) were supplied to plants (0, 30 and 60 mM) shortly after germination of the seed. The results of the present study showed that plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange parameters, stomatal properties and ion uptake were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by salinity stress, whereas oxidative stress was induced in plants by generating the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells/tissues compared to plants grown in the control treatment. Initially, the activity of antioxidant enzymes and relative gene expression increased to a saline level of 100 mM, and then decreased significantly (P < 0.05) by increasing the saline level (150 mM) in the soil compared to plants grown at 0 mM of salinity. We also elucidated that negative impact of salt stress in H. vulgare plants can overcome by the exogenous application of AsA, which not only increased morpho-physiological traits but decreased oxidative stress in the plants by increasing activities of enzymatic antioxidants. We have also explained the negative effect of salt stress on H. vulgare can decrease by exogenous application of AsA, which not only improved morpho-physiological characteristics, ions accumulation in the roots and shoots of the plants, but decreased oxidative stress in plants by increasing antioxidant compounds (enzymatic and non-enzymatic). Taken together, recognizing AsA's role in nutrient uptake introduces new possibilities for agricultural use of this compound and provides a valuable basis for improving plant tolerance and adaptability to potential salinity stress adjustment.
Flower color, shape, and scent play crucial roles in attracting pollinators and consumers within the floriculture industry. This study aimed to evaluate the color, scent, and the interactions of ...eleven Iranian narcissus accessions separately in the corona and perianth tissues, providing insights into the biophysiological differences among these tissues and genotypes. Eleven narcissus genotypes from diverse geographical regions of Iran were collected and cultivated in a greenhouse. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analysed using headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS). Additionally, the total carotenoid content, color values, tissue thickness, and epidermal cell characteristics were assessed in both the perianth and corona tissues. Scent intensity was evaluated through sensory analysis, and the expression of genes associated with scent and color biosynthesis pathways was examined in both tissues. E-β-ocimene emerged as the dominant volatile organic compound in both the perianth and corona tissues of all the genotypes, with benzyl acetate ranking as the second most abundant VOC in the corona. Both the perianth and corona demonstrated the capacity to produce all types of emitted VOCs detected in a complete flower, although the relative percentage of VOCs varied. However, the specific biological roles of narcissus VOCs in pollinator attraction and plant defence remain unclear. Among the studied genotypes, the corona exhibited a higher carotenoid content. Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was observed between the total carotenoid content and E-β-ocimene content, along with significant positive correlations between 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) and ocimene synthase, and between DXR and the relative gene expression of phytoene synthase (PSY). These findings suggest a shared biosynthesis pathway for carotenoids and monoterpenes, indicating potential competition for the biosynthesis of these compounds.
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•Perianth and corona were able to emit all types of flower VOCs.•Corona produced stronger color and scent than perianth in Iranian narcissus flowers.•Both surfaces of perianth and corona were covered with conical cells.•E-β-ocimene was the most abundant compound in perianth and corona tissues.•Carotenoids and monoterpenes compete for using precursors in the MEP pathway.
•GGPPS gene encoding 359 amino acids was isolated from Rosa damascena (NCBI, Accession No. KX661005).•Phylogenetic analysis showed that Damask rose GGPPS is more closely related to Fragaria.•GGPPS ...gene could be responsible for volatile component production and developmental of carotenoids pigments.•Increase in CCD1 expression resulted in petal discoloration and an increase the amount of the Ketone component.•The expression pattern of DXR gene revealed that it plays key role in monoterpenes biosynthesis.
Rosa damascena is one of important flowers for the production of aromatic compounds mainly used in perfume industry. In this research, complete sequences of gene coding geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthesis (GGPPS) involved in monoterpenes biosynthesis pathway was isolated from Rosa damascena “Kamoorˮ, and the relative expression of genes GGPPS, DXR, and CCD1 was characterized during flower developmental stages (A, B and C) in petals of four landraces of damask roses (Ghalhar, Lavasanat, Kamoor and Minab) by real-time quantitative fluorescence PCR. The overall expression of GGPPS gene was lower as compared with those of gene CCD1 and DXR. To further study, comprehensive analysis were done among physiological, molecular and phytochemical results to evaluate the relationship between main volatile compounds and colors. The output data revealed that damask roses with light colored flowers showed carotenoid accumulation and accommodation of higher carotenoid content and low anthocyanin content. Main volatile including citronellol, geraniol, neral, lianlyl acetate and dihydro citronellol acetate in flower development increase in the early stage, peaking in stage B and decreasing thereafter. These results suggest that the gene GGPPS may play role in the biosynthesis of volatile monoterpenes in R. damascena flowers, and this gene could be an important candidate genes for the regulation of secondary metabolism for Damask rose aromatic components.
This study aimed to elucidate whether 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment delays the fruit softening mechanism associated with the fruit quality of the newly released apple cultivars "Summer King" ...and "Green Ball" during cold storage. For both cultivars, the fruit treated with 1-MCP exhibited lower internal ethylene concentration, higher firmness, and higher titratable acidity relative to the control fruit, in association with less fruit softening. In addition, the treated fruit significantly delayed fresh weight loss and reduction of soluble solids content, especially in "Green Ball." Moreover, slower degradation of cell wall components (water-soluble pectin, sodium carbonate-soluble pectin, hemicellulose, and cellulose) was also observed in the treated fruit in comparison to the control fruit. Similarly, the enzymatic activities (of polygalacturonase, pectin methylesterase, cellulase, β-galactosidase, and α-L-arabinofuranosidase) that cause cell wall degradation were relatively lower in the treated fruit than in the control fruit for both cultivars, which was further proved by transcriptional analysis of the genes encoding the enzymes. Overall, the results suggested that the usage of 1-MCP is useful to delay fruit softening of the two cultivars during cold storage by delaying the degradation of cell wall components and enzymatic activities of cell wall hydrolysis.
In this study, we explored the individual and combined effects of ammonia-N and sulfide stress (1 mg/L sulfide and 15 mg/L ammonia-N) on the oxidation resistance, immune response and intestinal ...health of Litopenaeus vannamei during 72 h exposure. The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), malonaldehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity (CAT), the immune-relative gene (caspase-3, hsp70 and IMD) expression in hepatopancreas and intestine of L.vannamei and the intestinal microbiota were measured. The result showed that MDA and NO contents in hepatopancreas of L. vannamei in all treatment groups increased and remain were at high levels at the end of the stress exposure. The L. vannamei employ antioxidant defense system by increasing the activities of T-AOC, SOD and CAT enzymes in hepatopancereas and intestine to reduce oxidant damage. More severe damages with combined ammonia-N and sulfide stress to antioxidant systems were observed. The gene expression results also demonstrated that antioxidant capacity of L. vannamei was severely impaired and the apoptosis cell was initiated under the ammonia-N and sulfide stress. In addition, the environmental stress also reshaped the intestinal microbial community structure of L. vannamei that a number of original genera decreased, such as Cellvibrio, Vibrio and Rheinheimera; some new genera increased or appeared, such as Photobacterium in all treatment groups, Arcobacter and Fusibacter in sulfide stress group. Therefore, the health of L. vannamei was severely impacted when exposed to the stress of ammonia nitrogen and sulfide and these two factors can have weak synergic effects.
•The oxidation resistance of Litopenaeus vannamei in ammonia-N and sulfide exposure were investigated.•The antioxidant capacity of L. vannamei was severely impaired and the apoptosis was initiated.•The intestinal microbiota of the L. vannamei were reshaped after 72 h exposure.•The ammonia-N and sulfide have a weak synergic effects.
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most frequently injured ligament in the knee. The current method to treat the injured ligament is reconstruction using autografts and allografts. ...Reconstruction requires the regeneration of ligament, bone and their interface to ensure proper recovery. Recently, researchers have focused on using tissue-engineered scaffolds made of synthetic materials and biomaterials —such as collagen, decellularised tissues, silk and synthetic polymers produced following different manufacturing methods — for ACL reconstruction,. Different materials can be easily processed using various fabrication methods for mimicking the mechanical properties of the ACL. The advances in technologies play an important role in the production of constructions that can mimic native ACL.. The present review addresses integrative scaffold design, different challenges in the potential materials and manufacturing methods as well as future strategies for ACL repair. Furthermore, the review provides a road map to 3D printing combined with organ-on-chip technology to demonstrate the potential for cost-effective and user-friendly fabrication methods for ACL engineering. Finally, it underlines the potential of 3D bioprinting and organ-on-chip technologies for micro-engineering of ligaments and their associated environment.
We investigated the role of nano-silver (NAg) and the bacterial strain
in increasing the vase life of cut carnation flowers 'Omea.' NAg treatment extended vase life of the flowers by increasing ...relative fresh weight, antioxidant activities, and expression level of the cysteine proteinase inhibitor gene (
), and by suppressing bacterial blockage in stem segments, ethylene production and expression of ethylene biosynthesis genes and
gene, compared with the control. Out of all the treatments, administration of 25 mg L
NAg gave the best results for all the analyzed parameters. Interestingly, application of
also extended the vase life of cut flowers by 3 days in comparison with control flowers, and overall, showed better results than the control for all the analyzed parameters. Taken together, these results demonstrate the positive role of NAg and
in increasing the longevity of cut carnation flowers, and indicate that this effect is brought about through multiple modes of action.
BACKGROUND: Acute myocardial infarction occurs due to a sudden decrease in coronary blood flow caused by coronary artery embolism, coronary dissection, or coronary vasospasm. The Endothelin-1 (ET-1) ...is the most potent endogenous vasoconstrictor; it is synthesized and released from vascular and endocardial endothelial cells and myocytes. The action of ET-1 induces endothelial dysfunction in the coronary circulation through several mechanisms, such as reduced NO pathway activity, increased oxidative stress and inflammation, and interference with glucose and lipid metabolism. Ramipril is one of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) that can reduce the formation of ET-1 by enhancing the NO expression. NO can down-regulate the ET-1 secretion through soluble guanylate cyclase activation and increased cellular generation of cGMP.
AIM: This study aimed to investigate the effect of Ramipril on ET-1 expression in rats-induced myocardial infarction.
METHODS: Six-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into three groups: negative control, positive control was given NaCl 0.9% and treatment group treated with ramipril 3 mg/kg/day orally for 7 days. Myocardial infarction was induced in positive and treatment group by subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol, and 24 h after the last administration, rats were sacrificed to evaluate the relative expression of ET-1 using the real-time polymerase chain reaction and 2-ΔΔCt method.
RESULTS: The average expression for the negative control was 0.0098, positive control was 0.0136 and treatment group was 0.0118, with p = 0.210 (p > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that there is no difference between groups for the relative expression of ET-1.
Hydrogen peroxide (H
O
) is an environmentally-safe algaecide used to control harmful algal blooms and as a disinfectant in various domestic and industrial applications. It is produced naturally in ...sunny-water or as a by-product during growth, and metabolism of photosynthetic organisms. To assess the impact of H
O
on Arthrospira platensis, several biochemical components, and antioxidant enzymes were analysed. The growth and biomass of A. platensis were decreased under the effect of H
O
. Whereas, the concentration up to 40 μM H
O
non-significantly induced (at P < 0.05) the Chl a, C-phycocyanin (C-PC), total phycobiliprotein (PBP), and the radical scavenging activity of A. platensis. The half-maximal effective concentrations (EC
) for H
O
were 57, 65, and 74 μM H
O
with regards to the biomass yield, Chl a, and C-PC content, respectively. While, the total soluble protein, and soluble carbohydrates contents were significantly induced. However, the higher concentrations (60 and 80 μM) were lethal to these components, in parallel to the initiation of the lipid peroxidation process. Surprisingly, the carotenoids content was non-significantly increased by H
O
. Despite the relative consistency of catalase (CAT), the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes were boosted by all of the tested concentrations of H
O
. The relative transcript abundance of selected regulatory genes was also investigated. Except for the highest dose (80 μM), the tested concentrations had almost inhibitory effect on the relative transcripts of heat shock protein (HSP90), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), delta-9 desaturase (desC), iron-superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) and the Rubisco (the large subunit, rbcL) genes. The results demonstrated the importance of the non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants for the cumulative tolerance of A. platensis.
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