We study the impact of banking system reforms during a crisis following a period of undisciplined lending. Regulatory changes aimed at strengthening the banks’ capital structure and risk management ...practices do not have a uniform impact on bank productivity, but rather favor financially sound or strategically privileged banks. We present evidence documenting the differential impact of regulatory reforms on Korean commercial bank productivity over the period 1995–2005. Average technical efficiency of banks decreased during the financial crisis of 1997–1998. It improved following the subsequent bank restructuring and continued to improve through 2005. The capital adequacy ratio is positively associated with banks’ technical efficiency. The non-performing loans ratio is negatively associated with technical efficiency. Both relationships are accentuated during the crisis but attenuated after the reforms.
The rights and duties of the director in entrepreneurial activities are regulated by both the 1994 and 2021 editions of the Law of Georgia “On Entrepreneurs”. The powers assigned to him/her include ...leadership and representation of the entrepreneurial company. The legal relations of the director often goes beyond the scope of corporate law. Accordingly, the rights and duties established by other fields of law apply to him. One of them is the law of insolvency, which provides for the director’s involvement in such a regime as the rehabilitation regime. In the paper, the role of the director is considered within the framework of the regulation of the law of insolvency, the rehabilitation regime, which is regulated by the law of insolvency. In addition to reacting to the imperatively determined action, the law obliges the director to assess the evaluable and foreseeable circumstances and to take appropriate action on it. The topic is relevant and interesting, because in addition to the civil liability towards the director, criminal liability may also be considered. In order to properly discuss the topic provided by the article, the laws on Insolvency Procedings and on Rehabilitation and Collective Satisfaction of Creditors are compared with each other. Decisions/rulings of the general courts of Georgia have been used in the paper in order to clarify the position of the court regarding the issue. And, in certain cases, the legal norms of different countries and foreign language literature are cited in the article for the purpose of making a comparison.
•The research results released by authoritative institutions are reviewed.•The development of different renewable energy industries was analyzed.•Five national energy transitions are analyzed.•The ...renewable energy development policy path of china is are suggested.
Renewable energy has become an important choice to solve the energy crisis and environmental problems. A sustainable development needs policies and strategies policies, which can improve energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. By collecting the research results released by relevant statistical departments and authoritative institutions, this paper summarizes the international energy development situation, systematically combs the energy development situation of the European Union, United States, Australia, India, Brazil. The development trend of wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, ocean, and hydrogen energy have been analyzed. In addition, this paper proposes that China should draw up its own development path of renewable energy from international development experience, and actively explore renewable energy policies and strategies adapted to different stages of development.
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•The effect of surface atomic defects on the initial oxidation of Ni3Al(100) and (110) is investigated.•An atomic view of how stoichiometry and crystallographic orientation affects ...the oxidation initiation is provided.•Surface reconstruction is driven by selective oxidation, surface energy is related to the extent of Ni expulsion from oxide.•The ultimate stability of the resulting oxide layer is also determined by oxide structure and the interface strength.•The formation of Ni vacancies is favored under Al-rich conditions, thereby facilitating the surface restructuring.
Despite the prominent role of surface defects in promoting surface reactivity, the atomic nature of surface defect formation and its effect on mass transport under reactive gases remains largely elusive. Using ab initio calculations based on density-functional theory and thermodynamics considerations, we report the effect of native atomic defects, including vacancies and antisite defects in the vicinity of the surfaces, on the initial oxidation of intermetallic Ni3Al(100) and (110). We found that Ni3Al(100) and (110) surfaces, characterized by different constitutional defects, lead to distinct pathways of oxygen-adsorption-induced surface restructuring, albeit following the same underlying rules. The surface reconstruction is primarily driven by selective oxidation of Al, but the stability of the resulting oxide layer is determined by the interplay between the extent of Ni expulsion from the surface layer, the atomic structure of the surface oxide, and its interface strength with the alloy substrate. Both antisite defects and Ni vacancies are found to facilitate Al surface segregation in the presence of adsorbed oxygen. The formation of Ni vacancies is favored under Al-rich conditions, thereby facilitating the oxygen-adsorption induced surface restructuring.
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Uncovering the structure evolution and real active species of energy catalytic materials under reaction conditions is important for both understanding structure–activity relationship ...and constructing electrocatalysts for CO2 electroreduction (CO2ER). And integrating CO2ER with an anodic organic transformation to replace the oxygen evolution reaction is highly desirable. Here, In2O3 is selected as the model material to reveal the surface reconstruction under CO2ER condition. In situ and ex situ results reveal that the electrochemical in situ reconstruction of crystalline In2O3 leads to the formation of crystalline-In/amorphous-In2O3−x heterostructure (In/In2O3−x). In/In2O3−x acts as the real active phase with Faradaic efficiency of ~ 89.2% for the formate, outperforming In (~67.5%). The improved performance can be ascribed to electron-rich In rectified by Schottky effect of In/In2O3−x heterostructure. Impressively, formate and high-value octanenitrile can be simultaneously achieved by integrating CO2ER with octylamine oxidation in an In/In2O3−x‖Ni2P two-electrode electrolyzer.
Relationships between geometric structures of active metallic sites and areal rates of reaction (structure sensitivity) are extensively studied for supported metal catalysts. For CO oxidation on ...irreducible oxide-supported Pt catalysts, there still exists a discrepancy regarding structure sensitivity. Theoretical and single-crystal analyses suggest the CO oxidation reaction rate should be highly structure sensitive, whereas measurements on supported Pt catalysts show only minimal structure sensitivity. Here, we used quantitative in situ diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) to investigate the influence of CO oxidation reaction conditions on the fraction of well-coordinated (WC) and under-coordinated (UC) Pt active sites on a series of four α-Al2O3-supported Pt catalysts with average Pt sizes ranging from ∼1.4 to 19 nm. Pt nanoparticle surfaces were observed to restructure under CO oxidation reaction conditions, increasing the fraction of UC Pt sites. Reconstruction rendered the fraction of WC and UC sites less dependent on Pt particle size than expected from geometric models. A model, coupling the DRIFTS measurements with previous theoretical calculations, was quantitatively correlated to the measured slight structure sensitivity on the same series of catalysts. Our results bridge the gap between previous studies exploiting theory, single crystals, and supported Pt catalysts by demonstrating that WC Pt atoms are the active site for CO oxidation, but that CO-induced restructuring of Pt nanoparticle surfaces masks the inherent structure sensitivity in particle-size-dependent rate measurements.
This paper reviewed the history of the coupling relationship between land consolidation and urban-rural development in China since 1949. It found that, although land consolidation projects in ...non-integrated urban-rural development phases improved the quality and quantity of cultivated land, it did not improve the rural decline effectively before 2013 because it focused more on land issues and did not complement and stimulate urban and rural development. Comprehensive land consolidations in China are expected to operate as both a tool and a platform for the operation of a developmental policy that aims to promote rural vitalisation through the integration of urban-rural development. The case of Huai Town was analysed using a framework of Rural In Situ Urbanisation (RISU) through a semi socio-economic restructuring. This was done to present an innovative style of RISU in which villagers live in towns and their livelihoods, living spaces, and public services are urbanised while they still retain both their rural land rights and rural household registrations, which allowed for the integration of urban and rural resources, the protection of villagers' interests, and a smooth social transition. The key factors for these comprehensive land consolidations to help combat rural decline include a bottom-up, community-supported structure; a coordinated approach incorporating livelihood transformation, population urbanisation, and land urbanisation, with livelihood transformation serving as the foundation; and the protection of villagers’ rights and interests.
•Land consolidation projects before 2013 in China did not improve the rural decline effectively.•Comprehensive land consolidations in China are expected to operate as both a tool and a platform for the operation of a developmental policy that aims to promote rural vitalization.•The key factors for comprehensive land consolidations to help combat rural decline include a community-supported structure; a coordinated approach and the protection of villagers’ rights.•The type of RISU in the case township achieved the integration of urban and rural elements to combat rural decline in which villagers who lived in small towns were still with rights to village land collective ownership.
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•Pd-UiO-66 with ultra-low Pd loading (0.05 wt%) contains three active Pd species.•Pd1-Pdc-Pdn/UiO-66 presents superb performance toward toluene oxidation.•Consecutive atmosphere ...regulation is the key to Pd1-Pdc-Pdn/UiO-66 formation.•Residual N species from solvent enter UiO-66 skeleton forming Pd1-N1 structures.•Synergistic effect of Pd1, Pdc, Pdn for toluene oxidation are elucidated by DFT.
Supported single-atoms and sub-nanometre clusters have exhibited superb catalytic performance toward many reactions. However, inactivation of single-atom or cluster catalysts in complex reactive conditions poses major challenge for their practical application. Herein, we demonstrate that the prepared Pd-UiO-66 with ultra-low Pd loading (0.05 wt%) contains three robust active Pd species, (isolated Pd atom (Pd1), sub-nanometre Pd clusters (Pdc) and Pd nanoparticles (Pdn)) and presents superb activity for toluene oxidation and water resistance (10.0 vol%). Experiments and theoretical calculations firstly confirm that consecutive H2-O2 and reaction gas treatment (1000 ppm toluene in 20 vol.%O2/Ar) induce residual N species from solvent N, N-dimethylformamide to enter UiO-66 skeleton forming Pd1-N1 structures. DFT calculations reveal that the synergistic effect of Pd species (namely, the enhanced activation of O2 and H2O by Pd1 and the improved adsorption of toluene by Pdc and Pdn) is the main factor for the excellent activity of Pd-U-H-O-reused catalyst.
Abstract
A single device combining the functions of a CO
2
electrolyzer and a formate fuel cell is a new option for carbon‐neutral energy storage but entails rapid, reversible and stable ...interconversion between CO
2
and formate over a single catalyst electrode. We report a new catalyst with such functionalities based on a Pb–Pd alloy system that reversibly restructures its phase, composition, and morphology and thus alters its catalytic properties under controlled electrochemical conditions. Under cathodic conditions, the catalyst is relatively Pb‐rich and is active for CO
2
‐to‐formate conversion over a wide potential range; under anodic conditions, it becomes relatively Pd‐rich and gains stable catalytic activity for formate‐to‐CO
2
conversion. The bifunctional activity and superior durability of our Pb–Pd catalyst leads to the first proof‐of‐concept demonstration of an electrochemical cell that can switch between the CO
2
electrolyzer/formate fuel cell modes and can stably operate for 12 days.
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