Copper catalysts are attractive candidates for Hg‐free vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production via acetylene hydrochlorination due to their non‐toxic nature and high stability. However, the optimal ...architecture for Cu‐based catalysts at the nanoscale is not yet fully understood. To address this gap, the metal precursor and the annealing temperature are modified to prepare copper nanoparticles or single atoms, either in chlorinated or ligand‐free form, on an unmodified carbon support. Evaluation in the reaction reveals a remarkable convergence of the performance of all materials to the stable VCM productivity of the single‐atom catalyst. In‐depth characterization by advanced microscopy, quasi in situ and operando spectroscopy, and simulations uncover a reaction‐induced formation of low‐valent, single atom Cu(I)Cl site motif, regardless of the initial nanostructure. Various surface oxygen groups promote nanoparticle redispersion by stabilizing single‐atom CuClx species. The anchoring site structure does not strongly influence the acetylene adsorption energy or the crucial role they play in stabilizing key reaction intermediates. A life‐cycle assessment demonstrates the potential environmental benefits of copper catalysts over state‐of‐the‐art alternatives. This work contributes to a better understanding of optimal metal speciation and highlights the sustainability of Cu‐based catalysts for VCM production.
Carbon‐supported copper generates interest as a replacement for noble‐metal‐ or mercury‐containing acetylene hydrochlorination catalysts in vinyl chloride production. It is shown that mononuclear Cu(I)Cl species, which form under reaction conditions due to a favorable interaction with oxygen coordination sites, are the main active species, and quantify their potential for improving the sustainability of the process.
The physicochemical properties of nanostructured substrates significantly impact laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI‐MS) performance. Fundamental understanding of the substrate ...properties can provide insights into the design and development of an efficient LDI matrix. Herein, a hybrid matrix of nanoporous Au‐modified TiO2 nanowires (npAu‐TNW) is developed to achieve enhanced LDI‐MS performance. Its origin is investigated based on hybrid matrix properties including photo–thermal conversion and electronic band structure. Notably, further improvement is obtained in the npAu‐TNW than in the pristine TNW and non‐porous Au nanoisland‐modified TNW (Au‐TNW) hybrid, which is attributed to the laser‐induced surface restructuring/melting phenomenon. Noticeable surface restructuring/melting occurs in the npAu by laser exposure through efficient photo–thermal conversion of the highly porous npAu. At this instant of npAu structural changes, internal energy transfer from the npAu to the adsorbed analyte is promoted, which facilitates desorption. Moreover, strain is developed in situ in the TNW adjacent to the restructuring npAu, which distorts the TNW lattice. The strain development reduces recombination rates of charge carriers by introducing shallow trap levels in the bandgap, which enhances the ionization process. Ultimately, the high LDI‐MS performance based on the npAu‐TNW hybrid matrix is demonstrated by analyzing neurotransmitter.
A hybrid matrix of nanoporous Au‐modified TiO2 nanowires (npAu‐TNW) is developed to achieve enhanced laser desorption/ionization performance. Its origin is investigated based on hybrid properties including photo–thermal conversion and electronic band structure. Surface restructuring/melting occurs noticeably in the npAu by laser exposure, which facilitates desorption through internal energy transfer and enhances ionization by introducing trap sites in the bandgap.
he covid-19 pandemic has a significant impact on all aspects of human life, especially in the economic sector. In the banking sector, the existence of lockdown rules has preventedseveral business ...sectors from running, as a result it is difficult for business sectors that have loans from bank to repay loans. This study aims to fine out how toimplement financing restructuring during Covid-19 pandemic at PT. Bank Sumut KCP Syariah Kisaran. This Type of research is a qualitative research based on a descriptive approach. Techniques in data collection based on observation, interview and documentation. The analysis result shows taht the implementation of the financing restructuring at PT. Bank Sumut KCP Syariah Kisaran)
By employing a novel, hand-collected sample of withdrawn and completed share issue privatizations, we show that both groups undergo comparable restructuring processes over the 3 years preceding the ...event. We employ matching procedures to explicitly control for the restructuring effect, isolating the effect of the ownership transfer from state to private investors on corporate policies and performance. We document that, absent the ownership transfer, most of the gains realized during the restructuring process are reabsorbed over the posttreatment period. The transition from state to private ownership thus represents a necessary condition for the long-term success of privatization programs.
The issue of increasing budgetary independence and security is relevant for the majority of territorial systems, both at the regional and municipal levels. It was hypothesised that changes in the ...structure of regional public debt have a negative impact on their budgetary security. According to this hypothesis, an increase in the proportion of bank borrowing and corresponding decrease in the issue of debt securities by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation leads to a greater overall debt burden on the regional budget. In order to study transformation processes affecting budgetary independence and regional security. We developed a methodology to permit a separate assessment of these concepts. According to this approach, we propose to evaluate the budgetary independence of regional systems in terms of: (1) the balance of the budget (ratio of internal tax and non-tax revenues to budget expenditures); (2) financial dependence on transfers and subsidies from budgets at other levels; (3) budget security, taking into account gratuitous and non-gratuitous transfers. Thus, budgetary security can be assessed in accordance with the public debt dynamics, as well as the level of budgetary debt covered by the region’s own tax and non-tax revenues. The novelty of the presented methodological approach consists in its systematic use of Moran’s I for various spatial weight matrices combined with regression analysis methods based on panel data. Testing this methodology demonstrated the spatial heterogeneity of regional fiscal capacity, highlighting the financial dependence of most regions on federal and other gratuitous transfers. Autocorrelation analysis carried out according to Moran’s I using various spatial weight matrices confirmed the increasing tendency of the budgetary debt of Russian regions towards spatial heterogeneity. Future studies will focus on simulating the influence of various factors on regional budgetary security in order to predict the dynamics of its change.
Abstract
Austerity, the sustained and widespread cuts to government budgets, has characterised Britain's public policy since 2010. The local state has undergone substantial restructuring, driven by ...major budget reductions from central government. Hitherto, few studies of austerity in the UK have considered the interplay of national and local policies. We contribute a fine-grained spatial analysis of local authority budgets, highlighting their socioeconomically and geographically uneven impacts. We identify substantial variations between authorities in terms of funding, local tax-base, fiscal resources, assets, political control, service-need and demographics. We argue that austerity has actively reshaped the relationship between central and local government in Britain, shrinking the capacity of the local state, increasing inequality between local governments and exacerbating territorial injustice.
Insight problems are difficult because the initially activated knowledge hinders successful solving. The crucial information needed for a solution is often so far removed that gaining access to it ...through restructuring leads to the subjective experience of “Aha!”. Although this assumption is shared by most insight theories, there is little empirical evidence for the connection between the necessity of restructuring an incorrect problem representation and the Aha! experience. Here, we demonstrate a rare case where previous knowledge facilitates the solving of insight problems but reduces the accompanying Aha! experience. Chess players were more successful than non‐chess players at solving the mutilated checkerboard insight problem, which requires retrieval of chess‐related information about the color of the squares. Their success came at a price, since they reported a diminished Aha! experience compared to controls. Chess players’ problem‐solving ability was confined to that particular problem, since they struggled to a similar degree to non‐chess players to solve another insight problem (the eight‐coin problem), which does not require chess‐related information for a solution. Here, chess players and non‐chess players experienced the same degree of insight.
O objetivo do artigo é compreender a reestruturação intraurbana de Parauapebas decorrente da expansão das atividades terciárias. Metodologicamente, realiza o levantamento de referências teóricas ...sobre a temática e desenvolve uma pesquisa quali-quantitativa com os dados primários do Cadastro Central de Empresas, censos demográficos, finanças públicas e da Relação Anual de Informações Sociais do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego. Por fim, através de uma análise multitemporal de quatro imagens do sensor Landsat-TM elabora um produto cartográfico que ratifica as mutações da mancha urbana municipal. Conclui que, embora a mineração permaneça como o carro-chefe da economia municipal, na atualidade Parauapebas não é mais o singelo núcleo urbano de apoio à extração mineral na Serra dos Carajás pois também se caracteriza pela expansão do consumo, do comércio e da prestação de serviços, associadas à emergência de novas áreas de centralidade intraurbana com reflexos diretos em sua estrutura espacial.
L'objectif central de l'investigation scientifique est de comprendre la restructuration intra-urbaine de Parauapebas due à l'expansion des activités tertiaires. D'un point de vue méthodologique, il réalise un recensement des références théoriques sur le sujet et développe une recherche qualitative et quantitative avec les données primaires du Registre Central des Entreprises, des recensements démographiques, des finances publiques et du Rapport Annuel d'Information Sociale du Ministère de Travail. Dans la dernière partie, à travers une analyse multitemporelle de quatre images du capteur Landsat-TM, il produit une carte qui confirme les mutations de l'aire urbaine communale. Les principales conclusions indiquent que, bien que l'exploitation minière reste la principale activité productive, Parauapebas n'est pas un simple noyau urbain pour soutenir l'extraction minière dans la Serra dos Carajás puisqu'elle se caractérise également par l'expansion de la consommation, du commerce et de la fourniture de services, activités qui contribué à la création de nouvelles zones de centralité intra-urbaine observée dans sa structure spatiale.
The central objective of the scientific investigation is to understand the intra-urban restructuring of Parauapebas due to the expansion of tertiary activities. From a methodological point of view, it carries out a survey of theoretical references on the subject and develops a qualitative and quantitative research with primary data from the Central Register of Companies, demographic censuses, public finances and the Annual Social Information Report of the Ministry of Labor. In the final part, through a multitemporal analysis of four images from the Landsat-TM sensor, it produces a map that confirms the mutations of the municipal urban area. The main conclusions indicate that, although mining remains the main productive activity, Parauapebas is not a simple urban nucleus to support mineral extraction in the Serra dos Carajás since it is also characterized by the expansion of consumption, commerce and the provision of services, activities that contributed to the creation of new areas of intra-urban centrality observed in its spatial structure.
Killer Acquisitions Cunningham, Colleen; Ederer, Florian; Ma, Song
The Journal of political economy,
03/2021, Volume:
129, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
This paper argues that incumbent firms may acquire innovative targets solely to discontinue the target’s innovation projects and preempt future competition. We call such acquisitions “killer ...acquisitions.” We develop a model illustrating this phenomenon. Using pharmaceutical industry data, we show that acquired drug projects are less likely to be developed when they overlap with the acquirer’s existing product portfolio, especially when the acquirer’s market power is large because of weak competition or distant patent expiration. Conservative estimates indicate that 5.3%–7.4% of acquisitions in our sample are killer acquisitions. These acquisitions disproportionately occur just below thresholds for antitrust scrutiny.
Platinum-based bimetallic catalysts exhibit surface atomic rearrangement in various adsorbate environments, which significantly impacts catalysis. A molecular-level understanding of intermediate ...structures created during catalysis is essential for developing high-performance bimetal catalysts. We show that intermediate Pt–NiO1–x interfacial structures drive the catalytic synergistic effect observed on Pt3Ni nanocrystals. Real-time microscopic observations at ambient pressure show the formation of oxygen-driven Ni oxide clusters on the surface and provide direct evidence of Pt–NiO1–x interfacial structure formation. Spectroscopic analysis, including ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy, and catalytic measurements elucidate the role of Pt–NiO1–x interfacial structures and the catalytic reaction mechanism in CO oxidation. Our results indicate that metal-oxide interfacial intermediate structures in bimetal catalysts relate to the catalytic enhancement of the strong metal–support interaction (SMSI) effect.
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