Empirical evidence supports the idea that previous severe injuries in former collegiate athletes may adversely affect their ability to participate in daily activities later in life, which may then ...decrease their health-related quality of life (HRQOL).
To assess the influences of previous severe injuries on the HRQOL of former National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes.
Cross-sectional study.
Online survey.
A total of 171 former NCAA collegiate athletes (69 men, 102 women; age = 29.7 ± 3.9 years, height = 171.5 ± 10.4 cm, mass = 76.4 ± 12.9 kg) participated. All individuals completed a demographics questionnaire and the Short Form-36 version 2 (SF-36v2) Health Survey via Qualtrics.
The dependent variables were the physical composite and mental composite summary scores and the 8 subscales of the SF-36v2. The independent variable was the presence of previous severe injury (history of a severe injury or no history of a severe injury during collegiate athletics). Two multivariate analyses of variance were conducted. The first multivariate analysis of variance was conducted for the 8 SF-36v2 subscales and the second for the 2 summary scores.
For the summary scores and all 8 SF-36v2 subscales, the responses were worse for the 103 former collegiate athletes who sustained a previous severe injury compared with the 68 who did not sustain a severe injury. The largest difference between groups was for the physical composite score, with a mean difference of 15.8 points (1.5 standard deviations worse than the US population); the physical functioning subscale demonstrated a mean difference of 12.9 points (1.3 standard deviations worse than the US population).
A majority of the athletes in our sample had experienced a severe injury. Based on these data, previous severe injuries had a negative influence on the HRQOL of former NCAA collegiate athletes.
Background:
A comprehensive understanding of lifestyle (health conditions and substance use), health-related quality of life (HRQoL), flourishing (holistic representation of health), and physical ...activity can inform stakeholders (players, coaches, and clinicians) and help improve long-term health across the life span.
Purpose:
To describe health conditions (comorbidities or diagnoses), substance use, physical activity, HRQoL, and flourishing in current and former collegiate and professional baseball players and to assess the relationship between playing position and HRQoL/flourishing in former baseball players.
Study Design:
Descriptive epidemiology study.
Methods:
Eligible participants were those ≥18 years old with ≥1 season of collegiate or professional baseball experience. Participants completed a survey on health conditions (asthma, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and depression), substance use (tobacco, alcohol, and energy drinks), physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form), HRQoL (Veterans Rand 12-Item Health Survey VR-12 physical and mental component scores), and flourishing (Flourishing Scale). Adjusted multivariable regressions were performed for HRQoL and flourishing.
Results:
Overall, 260 baseball players opened the survey, and 214 (current players, 97; former players, 117) participated for an 82% response rate. Of the former players, 32% had hypertension or hypercholesterolemia. In addition, 26% of current players had used smokeless tobacco (median, 3 years; interquartile range IQR, 1-5 years) as compared with 34% of former players (median, 15 years; IQR, 5-25 years). In addition, 14% of current players had used electronic cigarettes (median, 2 years; IQR, 0-4 years) as opposed to 3% of former (median, 3 years; IQR, 2-4 years). Energy drinks were consumed by 31% and 14%, respectively, of current and former players on at least a weekly basis. Current baseball players performed 8667 metabolic equivalents per week of physical activity as opposed to 3931 in former players. Pitching was associated with worse VR-12 Mental Component Scores (–5.0; 95% confidence interval, –9.0 to –1.0). Playing position was not related to VR-12 Physical Component Scores or flourishing in former baseball players.
Conclusion:
The similar smokeless tobacco prevalence between current and former baseball players suggests that they may start using tobacco products during baseball participation and continue after retirement. Similar reported HRQoL as compared with the general US population and high flourishing and physical activity levels suggest that baseball players may present with good musculoskeletal and psychological health.
Background:
Retirement from elite sport participation is associated with decreased physical activity, depression, obesity, and ischemic heart disease. Although engagement in physical activity through ...sport is recognized as cardioprotective, an estimated one-quarter of deaths in American football players are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), predominately in players classified as obese.
Purpose:
To systematically investigate the cardiovascular health profile of retired field-based athletes.
Study Design:
Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4.
Methods:
This review was conducted and reported in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines and preregistered with PROSPERO. Four databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Web of Science) were systematically searched from inception to October 2018 using MeSH terms and keywords. Inclusion criteria were retired field-based athletes, age >18 years, and at least 1 CVD risk factor according to the European Society of Cardiology and the American Heart Association. Review articles were not included. Control groups were not required for inclusion, but when available, an analysis was included. Eligible articles were extracted using Covidence. Methodological quality was assessed independently by 2 reviewers using the AXIS tool. The accuracy of individual study estimates was analyzed using a random-effects meta-analysis.
Results:
This review yielded 13 studies. A total of 4350 male retired field-based athletes from 2 sports (football and soccer; age range, 42.2-66 years) were included. Eight studies compared retired athletes with control groups. Retired athletes had elevated systolic blood pressure in 4 of 6 studies; approximately 50% of studies found greater high-density lipoprotein, approximately 80% found lower triglyceride levels, and all studies found greater low-density lipoprotein for retired athletes compared with controls. The prevalence and severity of coronary artery calcium and carotid artery plaque were similar to controls. Retired linemen had double the prevalence of cardiometabolic syndrome compared with nonlinemen.
Conclusion:
The overall findings were mixed. Inconsistencies in the reporting of CVD risk factors and methodological biases reduced the study quality. Retired athletes had a comparable CVD risk profile with the general population. Retired athletes with an elevated body mass index had an increased prevalence and severity of risk factors. Significant gaps remain in understanding the long-term cardiovascular effects of elite athleticism.
Subclinical postural-control changes may persist beyond the point when athletes are considered clinically recovered postconcussion.
To compare postural-control performance between former high ...school football players with or without a history of concussion using linear and nonlinear metrics.
Case-control study.
Clinical research laboratory.
A total of 11 former high school football players (age range, 45-60 years) with 2 or more concussions and 11 age- and height-matched former high school football players without a history of concussion. No participant had college or professional football experience.
Participants completed the Sensory Organization Test. We compared postural control (linear: equilibrium scores; nonlinear: sample and multiscale entropy) between groups using a 2 × 3 analysis of variance across conditions 4 to 6 (4: eyes open, sway-referenced platform; 5: eyes closed, sway-referenced platform; 6: eyes open, sway-referenced surround and platform).
We observed a group-by-condition interaction effect for medial-lateral sample entropy ( F
= 3.26, P = .049, η
= 0.140). Participants with a history of concussion presented with more regular medial-lateral sample entropy values (0.90 ± 0.41) for condition 5 than participants without a history of concussion (1.30 ± 0.35; mean difference = -0.40; 95% confidence interval CI = -0.74, -0.06; t
= -2.48, P = .02), but conditions 4 (mean difference = -0.11; 95% CI: -0.37, 0.15; t
= -0.86, P = .40) and 6 (mean difference = -0.25; 95% CI: -0.55, 0.06; t
= -1.66, P = .11) did not differ between groups.
Postconcussion deficits, detected using nonlinear metrics, may persist long after injury resolution. Subclinical concussion deficits may persist for years beyond clinical concussion recovery.
이 연구에서는 Talyor & Ogilvie(1998)가 개발한 은퇴개념 모형을 적용하여 장애인 은퇴선수의 은퇴지각을 탐색하는데 연구 목적이 있다. 연구 참여자는 눈덩어리 추출법을 사용하여, 패럴림픽 및 아시안 파라게임에서 메달을 획득한 경험이 있는 국가대표 출신의 은퇴선수 4명을 선정하였다. 조사절차는 질적 연구방법 중 하나인 내러티브 탐구방법을 ...사용하였다. 이상의 연구방법을 통해 도출된 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 장애인 국가대표 운동선수들이 은퇴를 결심하게 되는 은퇴 원인으로는 체력 및 경기력저하, 부상방치, 생계유지, 실업팀 부족인 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 장애인 국가대표 운동선수들의 은퇴준비요인으로는 자신의 마음의 문과 장애인들에 대한 지원 부족, 사회진출에 대한 부담감으로 나타났다. 셋째, 장애인 국가대표 운동선수들의 은퇴준비를 위한 가용자원으로는 정보제공, 비현실적 지원, 비장애인 대상의 교육 참여, 자격증 취득, 마음가짐으로 나타났다. 넷째, 장애인 국가대표 운동선수들의 은퇴적응 모습으로는 은퇴 뒤 생기는 여유로움, 허무함, 후회감 등 심리적 상태, 고립된 생각, 경제적 부담으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 장애인 국가대표 운동선수들이 지각하는 은퇴 후 대책에 대한 예방 및 중재 요인으로는 학업 및 자격증 취득, 당당함, 취미활동으로 나타났다. 이 연구는 이상의 결과를 바탕으로 향후 장애인 운동선수들에게 다가올 은퇴 예방 및 은퇴 이후의 삶에 대한 기초자료로 제공되는데 그 의의가 있다.
The purpose of this study was to explore retirement perceptions of retired athletes with disabilities applying to the retirement concept model developed by Talyor & Ogilvie(1998). As the participants in the study, four retired national athletes who won medals in the Paralympics and Asian Para Games were selected with snowball sampling method. The narrative inquiry method, one of qualitative research methods were used. The followings the conclusions: Firstly, disabled national athletes decide to retire because of deterioration in physical strength and athletic performance, aggravated wound, maintenance of livelihood and lack of business teams. Secondly, the factors for the preparation of retirement of disabled national athletes are their mind, insufficient support for the disabled and the pressure of entering the society. Thirdly, the resources available for the preparation of retirement of disabled national athletes are provision of information, unrealistic support, participation in education for the non-disabled, acquisition of professional certificates and mind-set. Fourthly, the images adapting to retirement of disabled national athletes are the mental status such as leisure, futility and regret, a sense of isolation and financial burden. Fifthly, the prevention and mediation factors for the measures after retirement recognized by disabled national athletes are acquiring degree and professional certificates, being confident and doing hobbies. The study should be meaningful in that it has prepared a system which could help disabilities athletes in preparing for their future retirement.
ObjectiveTo evaluate and compare physical activity (PA) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in former elite and recreational cricketers with upper extremity (UE), lower extremity (LE) or no ...joint pain.Study designCross-sectional cohort.SettingDespite the high prevalence of joint pain in former athletes, the impact of UE pain and LE pain on PA and HRQoL and potential differences between former recreational and elite athletes are poorly understood.Participants703 former cricketers aged ≥18 years (mean age 58.7, SD 12.9, played an average of 30 (IQR 20–40) seasons, 72% of whom had played at a recreational level) were recruited through the Cricket Health and Wellbeing Study and met eligibility requirements (UE pain, LE pain or no joint pain (defined as pain on most days of the past month)).Primary and secondary outcomesThe International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form collected weekly metabolic equivalents (METS), while the Short-Form 8 collected physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) component scores. Kruskal-Wallis tests with Dunn’s post-hoc and multivariable linear regressions were performed.ResultsWeekly METS were similar in former cricketers with UE pain (median (IQR) 2560 (722–4398)), LE pain (2215 (527–3903)) and no pain (2449 (695–4203), p=0.39). MCS were similar between groups (UE pain 56.0 (52.1–60.0); LE pain 55.2 (51.1–59.4); no pain 54.7 (50.7–58.7), p=0.38). PCS were more impaired in former cricketers with UE pain (49.8 (44.9–54.8)) or LE pain (46.7 (41.0–51.9)) compared with no pain (54.2 (51.5–56.9), p<0.0001). Former cricketers with LE pain reported worse PCS than those with UE pain (p=0.04). Similar relationships were observed in former elite and recreational cricketers.ConclusionDespite impaired physical components of HRQoL in former cricketers with UE pain or LE pain, pain was not related to PA levels or mental components of HRQoL. Physical components of HRQoL were most impaired in those with LE pain, and findings were similar among former elite and recreational cricketers.
The purpose of this systematic review is to quantitatively estimate (or invest) the impacts of sports-related concussions (SRCs) on cognitive performance among retired athletes more than 10 years ...after retirement.
Six databases including (MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, and PsycArtilces) were employed to retrieve the related studies. Studies that evaluate the association between cognitive function and the SRC of retired athletes sustaining more than 10 years were included.
A total of 11 studies that included 792 participants (534 retired athletes with SRC) were identified. The results indicated that the retired athletes with SRCs, compared to the non-concussion group, had significant cognitive deficits in verbal memory (SMD = -0.29, 95% CI -0.59 to -0.02, I
= 52.8%), delayed recall (SMD = -0.30, 95% CI -0.46 to 0.07, I
= 27.9%), and attention (SMD = -0.33, 95% CI -0.59 to -0.06, I
= 0%). Additionally, meta-regression demonstrated that the period of time between testing and the last concussion is significantly associated with reduced verbal memory (
= -0.03681,
= 0.03), and increasing age is significantly associated with the verbal memory (
= -0.03767,
= 0.01), immediate recall (
= -0.08684,
= 0.02), and delay recall (
= -0.07432,
= 0.02).
The retired athletes who suffered from SRCs during their playing career had declined cognitive performance in partial domains (immediate recall, visuospatial ability, and reaction time) later in life.
Bone strength benefits after long‐term retirement from elite gymnastics in terms of bone geometry and volumetric BMD were studied by comparing retired female gymnasts to moderately active age‐matched ...women. In a cross‐sectional study, 30 retired female gymnasts were compared with 30 age‐matched moderately active controls. Bone geometric and densitometric parameters were measured by pQCT at the distal epiphyses and shafts of the tibia, femur, radius, and humerus. Muscle cross‐sectional areas were assessed from the shaft scans. Independent t‐tests were conducted on bone and muscle variables to detect differences between the two groups. The gymnasts had retired for a mean of 6.1 ± 0.4 yr and were engaged in ≤2 h of exercise per week since retirement. At the radial and humeral shafts, cortical cross‐sectional area (CSA), total CSA, BMC, and strength strain index (SSIpol) were significantly greater (13–38%, p ≤ 0.01) in the retired gymnasts; likewise, BMC and total CSA were significantly greater at the distal radius (22–25%, p ≤ 0.0001). In the lower limbs, total CSA and BMC at the femur and tibia shaft were greater by 8–11%, and trabecular BMD and BMC were only greater at the tibia (7–8%). Muscle CSA at the forearm and upper arm was greater by 15–17.6% (p ≤ 0.001) but was not different at the upper and lower leg. Past gymnastics training is associated with greater bone mass and bone size in women 6 yr after retirement. Skeletal benefits were site specific, with greater geometric adaptations (greater bone size) in the upper compared with the lower limbs.
Retired athletes with a history of sports concussions experience cognitive and motor declines with aging, and the risk of severe neurodegenerative conditions is magnified in this population. The ...present study investigated the effects of aging on motor system metabolism and function in former university-level athletes who sustained their last concussion several decades prior to testing.
To test the hypothesis that age and remote concussions induce functional as well as metabolic alterations of the motor system, we used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to detect metabolic abnormalities in the primary motor cortex and the serial reaction time task (SRTT) to evaluate motor learning.
Our results indicate that motor learning is significantly reduced in former concussed athletes relative to controls. In addition, glutamate/H2O ratio in M1 was disproportionately reduced in concussed athletes with advancing age and was found to strongly correlate with motor learning impairments.
Findings from this study provide evidence that the acquisition of a repeated motor sequence is compromised in the aging concussed brain and that its physiological underpinnings could implicate disproportionate reductions of M1 glutamate concentrations with advancing age.
학생선수와 은퇴선수의 삶에 대한 내러티브 탐구 이철웅; LeeChul-woong; 정용철 ...
한국체육학회지,
01/2017, Volume:
56, Issue:
1
Journal Article
본 연구의 목적은 엘리트 운동선수들의 목소리를 통해 그들의 삶에서 드러나는 가치와 사회·문화적 맥락의 차이점을 비교함으로써 선수들의 삶을 이해하고, 그들의 현실을 조명하는데 기초자료를 제공하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 공부하는 학생선수 4명과 은퇴선수 4명을 선정하였다. 선수들의 삶을 관찰하고 1:1 심층면담을 실시하여 수집된 자료를 바탕으로, 내러티브 ...탐구절차에 따라 그들의 삶의 경험과 변화를 분석하였다. 본 연구를 통해 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 첫째, 학생선수들은 고립된 운동부 문화가 아닌 그들만의 세계를 구축하였음을 알 수 있었다. 이는 기존 은퇴선수들과 다른 문화로 고립의 문화가 아닌 개인의 질적 성장을 도모할 수 있는 일종의 기회로 보인다. 둘째, 히긴스(1987)가 주장한 자기차이 이론에 근거하여 바라본 선수들의 ‘실제 자기(actual self)’ 모습은 선수들 개인의 책임과 의무, 이상에서의 차이를 빚고 있었다. 셋째, 학생선수들은 은퇴선수들과는 달리 스포츠의 본질을 깨닫고, 주류 사회문화로의 참여 기회의 폭을 넓힌다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 넷째, 학생선수들과 은퇴선수들 간 희생과 행복이라는 상이한 내재적 가치를 발견하였다.
The purpose of this study was to understand both student-athletes and retired athletes’ experiences regarding their lives as elite athletes. To achieve this purpose, four student-athletes and four retired athletes were selected. Each face to face interview lasted for 1 to 2 hours and all interviews were transcribed verbatim. All transcripts were then analyzed using the standard procedure of narrative inquiry. The results revealed the following. First, unlike existing student-athlete literature, student-athletes built their own world separated from the conventional athletic culture. Second, the difference between the 'actual self' and ‘ideal self’ was found among the both groups according to the self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). Third, changing athletic culture in recent years obviously led the individual athletes to grow and provide opportunity to participate in various social interactions. Finally, the difference of the inherent value of happiness and sacrifice was evident between student-athletes and retired athletes.
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