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Volatiles of jostaberries (Ribes x nidigrolaria Bauer)a hybrid of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) and gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa L.)were isolated via vacuum headspace extraction and analyzed by ...capillary gas chromatographic methods for the first time. (E)-Hex-2-enal, (E)-hex-2-en-1-ol, (Z)-hex-3-enal, (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol, methyl butanoate, ethyl butanoate, 2-methylbut-3-en-2-ol, and 1,8-cineol turned out to be the most dominant volatiles. The variability of the volatile profile was shown by the analysis of jostaberries harvested from different locations in Southern Germany and in different years. In addition to ripe jostaberries, underripe berries were also investigated and changes in the volatile profile were followed during the ripening process. By using sensory analysis, key aroma compounds were elucidated. An aroma model prepared by mixing most odor active compounds ((Z)-hex-3-enal, 1,8-cineol, ethyl butanoate, (E)-hex-2-enal, (E)-hex-3-enal, hexanal, pent-1-en-3-one, methyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, and oct-1-en-3-one) in their naturally occurring concentrations showed an overall aroma very similar to that of fresh jostaberries.
Kontrola malahitnog zelenila u proizvodima akvakulture Bilandžić, Nina; Solomun Kolanović prehr. tehnol, Božica; Varenina biotehnol, Ivana
MESO: Prvi hrvatski časopis o mesu,
08/2012, Volume:
XIV, Issue:
4
Magazine Article
Open access
Sažetak
Malahitno zelenilo (MZ) se tradicionalno koristi kao trifenilmetanska boja u tekstilnoj industriji, kao pigment te kao prehrambeni aditiv.
U uzgoju riba koristi se kao vrlo učinkovit ...fungicid, parasiticid, antiprotozoan i bacteriocid. U organizmu ribe MZ se metabolizira u
leukomalahitno zelenilo (LMZ) koji se zbog svojih lipofilnih svojstava zadržava u masnom tkivu kroz duže vrijeme. Brojna istraživanja
in vitro i in vivo pokazala su citotoksična, te karcinogena, mutagena i teratogena svojstva MZ i LMZ. Zbog toga je primjena MZ zabranjena
u životinjskih vrsta namijenjenim ishrani u Sjedinjenim Državama odnosno zemljama Europske Unije. Usprkos zabrani MZ se
još uvijek koristi u intenzivnom ribnjačarstvu te su ostaci MZ i LMZ najčešći u incidenciji nedozvoljenih tvari u proizvodima akvakulture.
Zbog toga je Europska Unija propisala granicu najmanje zahtjevane učinkovitosti izvedbe metoda (MRPL, eng. minimum required
performance limit) od 2 μg/kg za određivanje MZ i LMZ. Danas se za kvanifikaciju ostataka MZ i LMZ u tkivima riba primjenjuju metode
tekućinske kromatografije i tekućinske kromatografije tandemske spektrometrije masa. Usprkos zabrani korištenja u zemljama
Europske Unije sustavno se pronalaze povišene koncentracije MZ i LMZ u svim vrstama ribe i ribljih proizvoda. U periodu od 2002. do
2011. godine sustavom brzog uzbunjivanja za hranu i hranu za životinje (RASFF, eng. Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed) povišene
koncentracije MZ i LMZ utvrđene su u 123 uzorka riba i proizvoda. Najveći broj od 50 uzorka zabilježen je 2005. godine. U ukupnom
broju pozitivnih uzoraka 47 uzoraka podrijetlom je iz Vijetnama, 12 iz Indonezije, 10 iz Kine i 3 iz Tailanda odnosno 58,5 % uzoraka
podrijetlom je iz Azije. Prema tome kontrola MZ i LMZ je izrazito važna za zaštitu zdravlja potrošača.
The blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) is a species of native currant which contains a lot of polyphenolic antioxidants which is used medicinally and has a fundamental role in the maintenance health. ...MATERIALS, METHODS AND OBJECTIVE: Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and ultraviolet range high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to characterize the polyphenolic content of common Ribes nigrum collected in the western part of the Banat Region in Romania.
UV-visible spectrophotometry was a reliable tool for identifying the phenolic compounds class. Polyphenols calibration curves from the methanolic extracts showed a good linearity (r(2)>0.984) within test ranges and generated a well-designed absorption band with a local maximum at 273.2 nm band, which can be attributed to thr electronic transition of the n-π* type. Chromatographic separation and analysis of the methanol extract was useful for the structural epigallocatechin (EGC) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) characterization of primary antioxidant compounds.
The new, slightly modified, chromatographic system can serve for the development of a quantitative assessment methodology of epigallocatechin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate compounds, as well as for the comparative characterisation and standardisation of the dominant polyphenolic components in Ribes nigrum using EGC and EGCG standards.
Studies of facilitation have primarily been limited to single mechanisms, species, or environments. We examined interacting mechanisms governing the facilitative effects of Pinus flexilis on two ...later successional understory species, Pseudotsuga menziesii and Ribes cereum, in different microhabitats and seasons at the ecotone between the Rocky Mountain forests and Great Plains grasslands in Montana, USA. In field surveys, 69% of Pseudotsuga and 91% of Ribes were located beneath P. flexilis even though P. flexilis subcrowns accounted for a small proportion of available habitat. For three years, we monitored the survival of Pseudotsuga and Ribes seedlings experimentally planted beneath P. flexilis and in the open at a windward and a leeward site. Survival of both species was highest beneath P. flexilis at a site topographically protected from strong unidirectional winds (38% for Pseudotsuga and 63% for Ribes), and lowest at a windward site and in the open where tree crowns did not provide shelter from winds (2% and 6%, respectively). These results suggest that wind amelioration contributed to the facilitative effect of P. flexilis. However, even at the leeward site, where wind speed was low, survival of Pseudotsuga and Ribes was higher beneath P. flexilis, suggesting the importance of shade. To explore the relative importance of different mechanisms, we designed an experiment with six treatments: "shade," "shade + wind," "shade + drift," "wind," "drift," and a "control." After two years, we found shade to be of overwhelming importance for the survival of Pseudotsuga and Ribes. Without shade, no other treatments were significant, but once shade was provided, wind amelioration and snow pack accumulation increased survival of Pseudotsuga, suggesting that these different facilitative mechanisms functioned in a nested hierarchical manner: some mechanisms were important only when others were already functioning. Many studies have demonstrated multiple interacting mechanisms in the way that plants interact, but to our knowledge hierarchical interactive processes have not been previously documented. If the effects of positive or competitive mechanisms are often hierarchical, then studies of isolated mechanisms may not accurately assess their importance in nature.
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