La cooperación bibliotecaria es en Alemania una tradición anterior a la aparición de internet. Esto se explica, por un lado, por la ausencia de una Biblioteca Nacional “clásica”, entendida como una ...única institución central. Esta ausencia ha sido suplida por las tres mayores bibliotecas alemanas, que se han distribuido la función propia de una biblioteca nacional. Por otro lado, el sistema político federal y la responsabilidad de cada uno de los estados federales en los asuntos culturales, entre ellos las bibliotecas, ha originado que, tanto en el plano regional como interregional, haya habido tradicionalmente una sólida cooperación, al menos entre las bibliotecas científicas. Posteriormente, la llegada de la automatización ha hecho posible la aparición de los catálogos colectivos regionales. Con la entrada en la llamada “era digital”, se ha intensificado aún más la tendencia a la cooperación, de modo que hoy día se puede hablar de una “era de la cooperación”. Muestra de la mayor facilidad y agilidad de la misma son los nuevos servicios, que en muchos casos suministran conjuntamente varias bibliotecas, como las llamadas bibliotecas virtuales especializadas, la adquisición consorciada de licencias de uso de medios digitales, entre las que se incluyen las licencias nacionales, y la creación cooperativa de un archivo digital nacional de larga preservación.
Peer review is the backbone of scientific research and determines the composition of scientific digital libraries. Any systemic issues in peer review - such as biases or fraud - can systematically ...affect the resulting scientific digital library as well as any analyses on that library. They also affect billions of dollars in research grants made via peer review as well as entire careers of researchers. The tutorial will discuss various systemic issues in peer review via insightful experiments, several computational solutions proposed to address these issues, and a number of important open problems. A detailed writeup on the topics of this tutorial as well as a complete list of references is available in 1.
The ever increasing memory demands of many scientific applications and the complexity of today’s shared computational resources still require the occasional use of virtual memory, network memory, or ...even out-of-core implementations, with well known drawbacks in performance and usability. In Mills et al. (Adapting to memory pressure from within scientific applications on multiprogrammed COWS. In: International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, IPDPS, Santa Fe, NM, 2004), we introduced a basic framework for a runtime, user-level library, MMlib, in which DRAM is treated as a dynamic size cache for large memory objects residing on local disk. Application developers can specify and access these objects through MMlib, enabling their application to execute optimally under variable memory availability, using as much DRAM as fluctuating memory levels will allow. In this paper, we first extend our earlier MMlib prototype from a proof of concept to a usable, robust, and flexible library. We present a general framework that enables fully customizable memory malleability in a wide variety of scientific applications. We provide several necessary enhancements to the environment sensing capabilities of MMlib, and introduce a remote memory capability, based on MPI communication of cached memory blocks between ‘compute nodes’ and designated memory servers. The increasing speed of interconnection networks makes a remote memory approach attractive, especially at the large granularity present in large scientific applications. We show experimental results from three important scientific applications that require the general MMlib framework. The memory-adaptive versions perform nearly optimally under constant memory pressure and execute harmoniously with other applications competing for memory, without thrashing the memory system. Under constant memory pressure, we observe execution time improvements of factors between three and five over relying solely on the virtual memory system. With remote memory employed, these factors are even larger and significantly better than other, system-level remote memory implementations.
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