We describe Cyrtodactylus psarops sp. nov. and C. semicinctus sp. nov., two new species of bent-toed geckos from montane forests in the southern Bukit Barisan Range of Sumatra, Indonesia. The new ...species are closely related to one another and to C. semenanjungensis, a lowland species currently known only from Peninsular Malaysia. Three characters of the new species immediately distinguish them from most congeners in the Sunda Region: they lack transversely enlarged subcaudals, have a precloacal depression, and have a greatly enlarged scale positioned at the apex of a continuous series of femoral and precloacal pore-bearing scales. They differ from one another in cephalic pattern, tuberculation of the brachium, and in numbers of cloacal tubercles, dorsal bands, and ventrals in a transverse row. The greatly enlarged scale at the apex of the precloacal pores appears to be a rare apomorphy of these two species and C. agamensis.
The article presents comprehensive research of the semantic field comprising different parts of speech denoting impertinent behaviour in modern German. The author uses a combination of system-centric ...and anthropocentric approaches to determine the nominative space covered by the constituents of the lexical-semantic field and to identify their systemic, syntagmatic, paradigmatic and epidigmatic characteristics. The semantic features of the systemic structure (i.e. the lexical-semantic field) are described with the help of formalized quantitative (approximate and static) methods
Magnetoresistive memories, such as spin-transfer torque random access memory and magnetic latches (M-latch), are emerging memory technologies that offer attractive features, such as high density, low ...leakage, and nonvolatility as compared with conventional static memory. In this paper, we have proposed two single-event upset tolerant M-latch circuits in which their CMOS peripheral circuits are robust against radiation effects. Similar to the conventional M-latch circuit, our proposed M-latches employ two magnetic tunnel junction elements. Therefore, they consume almost the same energy consumption in comparison with nonprotected M-latch circuit. The simulation results of comparison with previous work show that our proposed radiation hardened M-latches consume less energy, occupy less area, and in case of a particle strike, offer lower restoring time. Furthermore, we have thoroughly investigated the robustness of our proposed radiation-hardened M-latches against single-event multiple effects and also in the presence of process variation as serious reliability challenges in emerging nanometer scale technologies.
We present a comprehensive qualitative and quantitative study of the manus of a new therocephalian specimen referable to Tetracynodon from the Early Triassic of South Africa. We examined 18 ...specimens, representing at least 12 genera, including basal therocephalians (Lycosuchidae and Scylacosauridae) and eutherocephalians (Akidnognathidae, Whaitsioidea and Baurioidea). A temporal range of 23 million years through the Permo-Triassic (Wordian to Anisian) was surveyed. A principal component analysis of the therocephalian manus indicates that (1) metacarpals II, III, and IV acted as a module of which the medial and lateral elements (metacarpals I and V) were independent from each other; and (2) the proximal carpals, ulnare, and radiale lengths show contrasting variation in their measurements (e.g., groups with longer ulnares tend to have shorter radiales). The manus of Permian and Triassic taxa occupy separate regions in morphospace. This segregation pattern suggests selection for a manus with slender, elongated second to fourth metacarpals during and after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. We show a heterogeneous condition of the fifth distal carpal bone. Although usually interpreted as fused to the fourth distal carpal or absent, the fifth distal carpal was present as a cartilaginous element in Tetracynodon. Strong and proportionally long unguals in relation to length of digits III and IV, wide and stocky basal phalanges, and short non-ungual phalanges strongly suggest that Tetracynodon was a scratch-digger. This supports the proposition that burrowing was an important behavioral strategy of terrestrial taxa during and after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction.
We develop a symbiogenetic concept of the origin of eukaryotic intracellular motility systems from anaerobic but aerotolerant spirochetes in sulfide-rich environments. The last eukaryotic common ...ancestors (LECAs) have extant archaeprotist descendants: motile nucleated cells with Embden-Meyerhof glycolysis and substrate-level phosphorylation that lack the α-proteobacterial symbiont that became the mitochondrion. Swimming and regulated O₂-tolerance via sulfide oxidation already had been acquired by sulfidogenic wall-less archaebacteria (thermoplasmas) after aerotolerant cytoplasmictubule-containing spirochetes (eubacteria) attached to them. Increasing stability of sulfide-oxidizing/sulfur-reducing consortia analogous to extant sulfur syntrophies (Thiodendron) led to fusion. The eubacteria-archaebacteria symbiosis became permanent as the nucleus evolved by prokaryotic recombination with membrane hypertrophy, analogous to Gemmata obscuriglobus and other δ-proteobacteria with membrane-bounded nucleoids. Histone-coated DNA, proteinsynthetic RNAs, amino-acylating, and other enzymes were contributed by the sulfidogen whereas most intracellular motility derives from the spirochete. From this redox syntrophy in anoxic and microoxic Proterozoic habitats LECA evolved. The nucleus originated by recombination of eu- and archaebacterial DNA that remained attached to eubacterial motility structures and became the microtubular cytoskeleton, including the mitotic apparatus. Direct LECA descendants include free-living archaeprotists in anoxic environments: archamoebae, metamonads, parabasalids, and some mammalian symbionts with mitosomes. LECA later acquired the fully aerobic Krebs cycle-oxidative phosphorylation-mitochondrial metabolism by integration of the protomitochondrion, a third α-proteobacterial symbiont from which the ancestors to most protoctists, all fungi, plants, and animals evolved. Secondarily anaerobic eukaryotes descended from LECA after integration of this oxygen-respiring eubacterium. Explanatory power and experimental predictions for molecular biology of the LECA concept are stated.
The article aims at analyzing the actual status of the "linguistic persona" category in the modern linguistic studies both in Russia and abroad. It is shown that the anthropocentric paradigm ...dominates in modern scientific knowledge. A linguistic persona is viewed as a certain type of linguistic identity functioning within the specific ways to exchange communicative information. The epistemology of scientific approaches and research concepts is regarded in the personological way. Universal and national and cultural ways of a person’s verbalization are associated with a certain type of categorization of reality. The prospects of studying ways to verbalize the linguistic identity are viewed within the scope of the comprehensive analysis of communicative behavior based on the interdisciplinary approach. Using this method allows separating additional parameters of a linguistic persona of any type. The elements of the institutional linguistic persona are reviewed.
The article deals with the etymological analysis of the verbs expressing thoughts (express, flourish, phrase, term, utter, vent, verbalize, vocalize, voice, word) in the perspective of semantics. The ...changes in the life of society are reflected in the semantic and word-forming structure of verbal formation. Verbs expressing thoughts could be no better able to describe the state of modern society, which in the last decades of the XXI century, the century of communication and information, is impossible to imagine without such concepts as interaction, communication, giving and receiving information, expressing ideas and thoughts. The verb is not enough to consider as a symbol of different processes, actions and states. It has the ability to “convert” the information about time, space, the idea of the subject, the object of the action and its tool. The activation of the situation occurs due to the metonymic and metaphorical transformations that underlie the nomination of the whole situation by the verb.
O artigo trata da análise etimológica dos verbos que expressam pensamentos (expressar, florescer, frase, termo, proferir, desabafar, verbalizar, vocalizar, voz, palavra) na perspectiva da semântica. As mudanças na vida da sociedade refletem-se na estrutura semântica e formadora de palavras da formação verbal. Os verbos que expressam o pensamento não poderiam ser mais capazes de descrever o estado da sociedade moderna, que nas últimas décadas do século XXI, o século da comunicação e da informação, é impossível de imaginar sem conceitos como interação, comunicação, dar e receber informação, expressar idéias e pensamentos. O verbo não é suficiente para ser considerado como um símbolo de diferentes processos, ações e estados. Tem a capacidade de “converter” as informações sobre o tempo, o espaço, a ideia de sujeito, o objeto da ação e sua ferramenta. A ativação da situação ocorre devido às transformações metonímicas e metafóricas que fundamentam a nomeação de toda a situação pelo verbo.
El artículo trata del análisis etimológico de los verbos que expresan pensamientos (expresar, florecer, frase, término, pronunciar, desahogar, verbalizar, vocalizar, voz, palabra) en la perspectiva de la semántica. Los cambios en la vida de la sociedad se reflejan en la estructura semántica y de formación de palabras de la formación verbal. Los verbos que expresan pensamientos no podrían describir mejor el estado de la sociedad moderna, que en las últimas décadas del siglo XXI, el siglo de la comunicación y la información, es imposible de imaginar sin conceptos como interacción, comunicación, dar y recibir información, expresar ideas y pensamientos. El verbo no es suficiente para considerarlo como símbolo de diferentes procesos, acciones y estados. Tiene la capacidad de “convertir” la información sobre el tiempo, el espacio, la idea del sujeto, el objeto de la acción y su herramienta. La activación de la situación se produce debido a las transformaciones metonímicas y metafóricas que subyacen a la nominación de toda la situación por el verbo.
PDF
