High exposure to warming from climate change is expected to threaten biodiversity by pushing many species toward extinction. Such exposure is often assessed for all taxa at a location from climate ...projections, yet species have diverse strategies for buffering against temperature extremes. We compared changes in species occupancy and site-level richness of small mammal and bird communities in protected areas of the Mojave Desert using surveys spanning a century. Small mammal communities remained remarkably stable, whereas birds declined markedly in response to warming and drying. Simulations of heat flux identified different exposure to warming for birds and mammals, which we attribute to microhabitat use. Estimates from climate projections are unlikely to accurately reflect species' exposure without accounting for the effects of microhabitat buffering on heat flux.
Bats, rodents, and shrews are the most important animal sources of human infectious diseases. However, the evolution and transmission of viruses among them remain largely unexplored. Through the ...meta-transcriptomic sequencing of internal organ and fecal samples from 2,443 wild bats, rodents, and shrews sampled from four Chinese habitats, we identified 669 viruses, including 534 novel viruses, thereby greatly expanding the mammalian virome. Our analysis revealed high levels of phylogenetic diversity, identified cross-species virus transmission events, elucidated virus origins, and identified cases of invertebrate viruses in mammalian hosts. Host order and sample size were the most important factors impacting virome composition and patterns of virus spillover. Shrews harbored a high richness of viruses, including many invertebrate-associated viruses with multi-organ distributions, whereas rodents carried viruses with a greater capacity for host jumping. These data highlight the remarkable diversity of mammalian viruses in local habitats and their ability to emerge in new hosts.
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•A large number of novel viruses were identified in wild small mammals from China•Some were of evolutionary significance or had the ability to jump species boundaries•Shrews carried the most viruses in total and in a single animal species•Rodents harbored most viruses with the potential be transmitted to new host species
A large study of the mammalian virome identifies differences across rodents, bats, and shrews, revealing insights into host range, transmission, and potential pathogens with the ability to jump across species.
Ecological theory suggests that habitat disturbance differentially influences distributions of habitat generalist and specialist species. While well-established for macroorganisms, this theory has ...rarely been explored for microorganisms. Here we tested these principles in permeable (sandy) sediments, ecosystems with much spatiotemporal variation in resource availability and physicochemical conditions. Microbial community composition and function were profiled in intertidal and subtidal sediments using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and metagenomics, yielding 135 metagenome-assembled genomes. Community composition and metabolic traits modestly varied with sediment depth and sampling date. Several taxa were highly abundant and prevalent in all samples, including within the orders Woeseiales and Flavobacteriales, and classified as habitat generalists; genome reconstructions indicate these taxa are highly metabolically flexible facultative anaerobes and adapt to resource variability by using different electron donors and acceptors. In contrast, obligately anaerobic taxa such as sulfate reducers and candidate lineage MBNT15 were less abundant overall and only thrived in more stable deeper sediments. We substantiated these findings by measuring three metabolic processes in these sediments; whereas the habitat generalist-associated processes of sulfide oxidation and fermentation occurred rapidly at all depths, the specialist-associated process of sulfate reduction was restricted to deeper sediments. A manipulative experiment also confirmed habitat generalists outcompete specialist taxa during simulated habitat disturbance. Together, these findings show metabolically flexible habitat generalists become dominant in highly dynamic environments, whereas metabolically constrained specialists are restricted to narrower niches. Thus, an ecological theory describing distribution patterns for macroorganisms likely extends to microorganisms. Such findings have broad ecological and biogeochemical ramifications.
The global biomass of wild mammals Greenspoon, Lior; Krieger, Eyal; Sender, Ron ...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS,
03/2023, Volume:
120, Issue:
10
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Wild mammals are icons of conservation efforts, yet there is no rigorous estimate available for their overall global biomass. Biomass as a metric allows us to compare species with very different body ...sizes, and can serve as an indicator of wild mammal presence, trends, and impacts, on a global scale. Here, we compiled estimates of the total abundance (i.e., the number of individuals) of several hundred mammal species from the available data, and used these to build a model that infers the total biomass of terrestrial mammal species for which the global abundance is unknown. We present a detailed assessment, arriving at a total wet biomass of ≈20 million tonnes (Mt) for all terrestrial wild mammals (95% CI 13-38 Mt), i.e., ≈3 kg per person on earth. The primary contributors to the biomass of wild land mammals are large herbivores such as the white-tailed deer, wild boar, and African elephant. We find that even-hoofed mammals (artiodactyls, such as deer and boars) represent about half of the combined mass of terrestrial wild mammals. In addition, we estimated the total biomass of wild marine mammals at ≈40 Mt (95% CI 20-80 Mt), with baleen whales comprising more than half of this mass. In order to put wild mammal biomass into perspective, we additionally estimate the biomass of the remaining members of the class Mammalia. The total mammal biomass is overwhelmingly dominated by livestock (≈630 Mt) and humans (≈390 Mt). This work is a provisional census of wild mammal biomass on Earth and can serve as a benchmark for human impacts.
The negative effects of introduced small mammals have been well documented on islands, but their presence in the Mariana Islands warrants special attention, as they are an important prey species of ...the introduced brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis), which devastated the avifauna of Guam and remains a threat for introduction to nearby islands. The U.S. Navy has a major presence in the Mariana Islands and is charged with maintaining biosecurity protocols when transporting equipment between islands. We conducted small mammal trapping on Tinian, located approximately 165 km northeast of Guam, in 2017 as a baseline survey of introduced species distribution in areas used for military training. These data will facilitate long-term monitoring of introduced small mammals and early detection of newly established species. We also report an updated Catch Per Unit Effort index of small mammal abundance and tested for differences in capture success across species and between two trap types: Sherman live traps and Victor snap traps. We confirmed general patterns of abundance and distribution from previous sampling on Tinian: Rattus diardii and Suncus murinus were common and widespread, Mus musculus less common and more patchy in distribution, R. norvegicus rare, and R. exulans not detected. Comparisons between Sherman and Victor traps showed important differences in species-specific capture rates on Tinian and aligned with previous research from the Mariana Islands.
Ciências Sociais na Educação; Campinas; SP; Brasil) * André Bocchetti (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ; Administração Educacional; Rio de Janeiro; RJ; Brasil) * André Dalben ...(Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL; Departamento de Educação Física; Londrina; PR; Brasil) * Andrea Moreno (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG; Faculdade de Educação; Belo Horizonte; MG; Brasil) * Andreia Militão (Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul - UEMS; Educação; Dourados; MS; Brasil) * Anete Abramowicz (Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar; Centro de Educação e Ciências Humanas; Departamento de Metodologia de Ensino; São Carlos; SP; Brasil) * Ângela Rabelo Maciel de Barros Tamberlini (Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF; SSE; Niterói; RJ; Brasil) * Angélica Maia (Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB; Departamento de Letras Estrangeiras Modernas; João Pessoa; PB; Brasil) * Anita Handfas (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ; Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas; Didática; Rio de Janeiro; RJ; Brasil) * Antonio Álvaro Zuin (Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar; Educação; São Carlos; SP; Brasil) Antonio Basílio Novaes Thomaz de Menezes (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN; Filosofia; Natal; RN; Brasil) * Antonio Carlos Amorim (Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp; Faculdade de Educação; Departamento de Educação, Conhecimento, Linguagem e Arte; Campinas; SP; Brasil) * Antonio Carlos Dias (Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp; Ciências Sociais na Educação; Campinas; SP; Brasil) * Antonio Hilário Aguilera Urquiza (Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS; CCHS; Campo Grande; MS; Brasil) * Ariane Baffa Lourenço (Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD; Dourados; MS; Brasil) * Artur Vitorino (Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas; Faculdade de História/PPG em Educação; Campinas; SP; Brasil) * Aryane Nogueira (Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp; Faculdade de Educação; Campinas; SP; Brasil) * Atílio Bergamini (Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC; Departamento de Literatura; Fortaleza; CE; Brasil) * Audrei Gesser (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; DLSB; Florianópolis; SC; Brasil) * Avelino Oliveira (Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPEL; Faculdade de Educação; Departamento de Fundamentos da Educação; Pelotas; RS; Brasil) * Bárbara Castro (Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp; Instituto de filosofia e Ciências Humanas; Departamento de Sociologia; Campinas; SP; Brasil) * Bruno Baronnet (Universidad Veracruzana; Instituto de Investigaciones en Educación; Xalapa; Veracruz; Mexico) * Cacilda Encarnação Augusto Alvarenga (São Paulo; SP; Brasil) * Carla Bernava (Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Unifesp; Guarulhos; SP; Brasil) Carla Zandavalli Araujo (Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS; Faculdade de Educação; Campo Grande; MS; Brasil) * Carlos André Silva de Moura (Universidade de Pernambuco - UPE; História; Recife; PE; Brasil) * Carlos Eduardo Ribeiro (Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Unifesp; Educação; Guarulhos; SP; Brasil) * Carmen Lúcia Soares (Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp; Faculdade de Educação Física; Departamento de Metodologia do Ensino; Campinas; SP; Brasil) * Carolina Cechella Philippi (Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp; Faculdade de Educação; Campinas; SP; Brasil) * Carolina de Roig Catini (Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp; Faculdade de Educação, Decise; Campinas; SP; Brasil) * Carolina Jaques Cubas (Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina - UDESC; História; Florianópolis; SC; Brasil) * Cássia Sales Magalhães Kirchner (Faculdade XV de Agosto; Educação; Socorro; SP; Brasil) * Cecília Batista (Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp; Faculdade de Ciências Médicas- FCM; Desenvolvimento Humano e Reabilitação; Campinas; SP; Brasil) * Cecília Sardenberg (Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA; Salvador; BA; Brasil) * Célia Maria Benedicto Giglio (Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Unifesp; Educação; Guarulhos; SP; Brasil) * Celso João Carminati (Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina - UDESC; Centro de Ciências Humanas e da Educação; Florianópolis; SC; Brasil) * César Donizetti Pereira Leite (Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - Unesp; Educação / Rio Claro; Rio Claro; SP; Brasil) * Cezar Luiz de Mari (Universidade Federal de Viçosa; Departamento de Educação; Viçosa; MG; Brasil) Cheryl Fields-Smith (University of Georgia; Educational Theory and Practice; Athens; Georgia; United States) * Chiara Saraceno (Università di Torino; Facoltà di Scienze Politiche; Dipartimento di Scienze Sociali; Centro Interdipartimentale di Studi e Ricerche delle Donne; Sociologia della Famiglia; Torino; TO; Italia) * Cintya Regina Ribeiro (Universidade de São Paulo - USP; Faculdade de Educação; Depto. Filosofia da Educação e Ciência da Educação; São Paulo; SP; Brasil) * Claudia Fernanda Touris (Universidad de Buenos Aires; Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; Buenos Aires; CABA; Argentina) * Claudio Nogueira (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG; Faculdade de Educação-Departamento de Ciências Aplicadas a Educação - DECAE; Belo Horizonte; MG; Brasil) * Clovis Nicanor Kassick (Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina - UNISUL; Mestrado em Educação; Florianópolis; SC; Brasil) * Cosme Batista dos Santos (Universidade do Estado da Bahia - Uneb; Departamento de Ciências Humanas; Juazeiro; BA; Brasil) * Cristiane Machado (Universidade do Vale do Sapucaí - Univás; Pouso Alegre; MG; Brasil) * Cristiano Barbosa (Pesquisador independente; Uberlândia; MG; Brasil) * Cristina Fioreze (Universidade de Passo Fundo - UPF; Faculdade de Educação; Passo Fundo; RS; Brasil) * Daniel Revah (Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Unifesp; EFLCH; São Paulo; SP; Brasil) * Daniela Finco (Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Unifesp; Educação; São Paulo; SP; Brasil) * Daniela Franco Carvalho (Universidade Federal de Uberlândia - UFU; Uberlândia; MG; Brasil) Danilo Romeu Streck (Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos - Unisinos; São Leopoldo; Brasil) * Darci Secchi (Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT; Teoria e Fundamentos da Educação; Cuiabá; MT; Brasil) * Débora Dainez (Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp; Faculdade de Educação; Campinas; Brasil) * Denise Freitas (Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar; Metodologia de Ensino; São Carlos; SP; Brasil) * Denise Paiva (Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG; Faculdade de Ciências Sociais; Goiânia; GO; Brasil) * Diego Silveira (Universidade do Estado do Amazonas - UEA; Centro de Estudos Superiores de Parintins; Manaus; AM; Brasil) * Dinah Terra (Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF; Instituto de Educação Física; Niterói; RJ; Brasil) * Divino José Silva (Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - Unesp; Educação; Presidente Prudente; SP; Brasil) * Doris Bolzan (Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM; Centro de Educação-Departamento de Metodologia do Ensino; RS; Brasil) * Edelmira Badillo (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Didàctica de la Matemàtica i de les CCEE; Bellaterra; Barcelona; España) * Edite Faria (Universidade do Estado da Bahia - Uneb; Educação; Salvador; BA; Brasil) * Edivaldo Góis Junior (Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp; Campinas; SP; Brasil) * Edson Passetti (Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo - PUC-SP; Política; São Paulo; SP; Brasil) * Edvonete Alencar (Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD; Educação; Dourados; MS; Brasil) Elaine Prodócimo (Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp; FEF; Campinas; SP; Brasil) * Elenice Maria Cammarosano Onofre (Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar; Teorias e Práticas Pedagógicas; São Carlos; SP; Brasil) * Eliana Ayoub (Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp; Faculdade de Educação; Campinas; SP; Brasil) * Eliana de Oliveira (Universidade Federal de Alagoas - UFAL; Faculdade de Letras; Maceió; Brasil) * Eliane Lousada (Universidade de São Paulo - USP; Faculdade de Filosofia Letras e Ciências Humanas-Letras Modernas; São Paulo; SP; Brasil) * Elisabete Monteiro de Aguiar Pereira (Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp; DEPRAC; Campinas; SP; Brasil) * Elisabeth Barolli (Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp; Faculdade de Educação; Campinas; SP; Brasil) * Elisete Medianeira Tomazetti (Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM; Departamento de Metodologia do Ensino; Santa Maria; RS; Brasil) * Elizabete Cruz (Universidade de São Paulo - USP; Escola de Artes Ciências Humanidades; São Paulo; SP; Brasil) * Elizabeth Braga (Universidade de São Paulo - USP; Faculdade de Educação-Departamento de Filosofia da Educação e Ciência da Educação; São Paulo; SP; Brasil) * Elizabeth de Macedo (Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ; Centro de Educação e Humanidades-Departamento de Estudos Aplicados ao Ensino; RJ; Brasil) * Estela Scheinvar (Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ; Faculdade de Formação de Professores; São Gonçalo; RJ; Brasil) * Eurize Caldas Pessanha (Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS; CCHS; Campo Grande; MS; Brasil) Evelise Quitzau (Universidad de la Republica Uruguay; Instituto Superior de Educación Física; Paysandú; Uruguay) * Fabiana Marcello (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação; Porto Alegre; RS; Brasil) * Fábio Duarte (Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná; Gestão Urbana; Curitiba; PR; Brasil) * Fábio Pereira Nunes (Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp; Campinas; SP; Brasil) * Fábio Waltenberg (Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF; Centro de Estudos Sociais Aplicados; Faculdade de Economia; Niterói; RJ; Brasil) * Fátima Cabral (Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - Unesp; Sociologia e Antropologia; Marília; SP; Brasil) * Felipe Ziotti Narita (Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - Unesp; Postgraduate Program of Public Policy Analysis; Franca; SP; Brasil)
Restoration structures such as post-harvest woody debris piles on large clearcut openings may provide habitat for many mammal species. Mustelids such as the American marten (Martes americana) and ...several weasel (Mustela spp.) species are important furbearers in temperate and boreal forests and are negatively affected by clearcutting. We ask if constructed piles of woody debris on large (e.g., 30–50 ha) openings will be used by these mustelids and their small mammal prey species? We tested the hypotheses (H) that (H1) the presence (index of activity patterns) of small mustelids, (H2) abundance, species richness, and species diversity of the forest-floor small mammal community, and (H3) reproduction of the major species: southern red-backed vole (Clethrionomys gapperi), long-tailed vole (Microtus longicaudus), and deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), would be greater on sites with woody debris piles than on sites with dispersed debris. A fourth hypothesis (H4) predicted that the above response variables would be similar across a linear configuration of debris piles on the large openings. Mustelid presence and populations of forest-floor small mammals were sampled on four replicated (n = 4) large (30–50 ha) clearcut sites from 2017 to 2022 in south-central British Columbia, Canada.
Mean presence of mustelids was significantly higher (4.5 to 8.0 times) in piles than dispersed sites during the first four post-harvest years, thereby supporting H1. Mean index of mustelid activity per line was similar among pile index-lines across these clearcut openings. Mean abundance of C. gapperi was similar statistically between treatment sites but with numbers 3 to 10 times higher, on average, in the piles than dispersed sites and was likely biologically important. Mean abundance of M. longicaudus was significantly higher (1.2–4.4 times) in the piles than dispersed sites. Mean abundance of P. maniculatus and Sorex spp. were similar between treatment sites. Mean abundance of total small mammals, including the less common species, was significantly higher (1.4–1.9 times) in piles than dispersed sites. Similarly, mean species richness and diversity were both significantly higher in piles than dispersed sites. Mean number of total recruits was higher in piles than dispersed sites for M. longicaudus and P. maniculatus, but most measures of reproductive attributes were similar, thereby providing only partial support for H3. As per support for H4, response variables were similar across a linear array of debris piles on large openings. Our study is the first to measure responses of small mustelids and forest-floor small mammals to constructed piles of woody debris as a means of habitat restoration on relatively large (mean area 40.5 ha) openings created by conventional clearcutting. Piles of debris seem to act as oases for mustelids and their prey species in ecological restoration of cutover forest land.
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