Description Songs, also called waṣfs, form an important part of the Song of Songs. They show the structure of a two-tiered list, one column of which comprises body parts, while the other column ...consists of metaphors taken from different domains. This paper explores eight dimensions of the functioning of the waṣfs that depend on this structure, for example the two-tiered lists as secret codes, or as a case of mnemonics.
► Ductile nappes of Triassic age, involving the Song Chay massif, characterizes NE Vietnam. ► Transport direction is to the N–NE. ► Origin of the nappes is located along the Song Chay Fault. ► Along ...this fault a zone of mélange is interpreted as a Triassic suture.
A careful re-examination of the previous tectonic descriptions and the acquisition of new structural and kinematic data have been undertaken in Northeastern Vietnam. The structure of the area consists of a system of slightly metamorphosed but ductilely deformed nappes, including recumbent folds, formed during the Triassic, prior to the unconformable deposition of the Upper Triassic terrigenous sediments. These results confirm the previous interpretation of “preyunnanaises nappes”, represented by Middle-Upper Paleozoic foliated limestone resting through a flat mylonitic contact over an intermediate “Song Mien unit” (
Deprat, 1915), the latter made essentially of deformed Lower Triassic sedimentary and volcanic formations, which previously filled the Song Hien rift (
Bourret, 1922a,b). In the external part of the belt, the Triassic strata conformably overlie slightly deformed and unmetamorphosed Upper Paleozoic rocks, forming an autochthonous domain. Alternatively, the same Triassic succession can be seen resting tectonically through décollement zones, directly over the Middle Paleozoic marbles, to form a distinct but subsidiary allochthonous unit. Our data show that the Song Chay orthogneiss and its Lower Paleozoic sedimentary country rocks belong to the main nappe. They also demonstrate that this nappe was transported to the N–NE. A newly discovered ophiolitic mélange of supposed oceanic nature and Triassic age, lying along the Song Chay Fault, North of the Nui Con Voi, could hypothetically represent the rooted zone of the nappe. A Tertiary overprinting event, in particular accommodated by strike-slip movements, likely accounts for the present orocline of NE Vietnam.
This study looked at the effectiveness of using English music as a learning tool to improve listening skills in a group of 132 students. Snowball sampling was used to select a sample of 54 students. ...This research uses a quantitative research methodology, with two groups: an experimental group that uses English songs as a learning tool, and a control group that uses traditional teaching methods. This research should explain how English songs can improve students' listening skills. In addition, this research seeks to understand the causes of students' poor listening skills so that appropriate treatment can be implemented in the classroom. The research results revealed a significant positive impact on students' listening skills when learning through English songs. This method substantially improved the listening skills of the experimental group. This research shows that incorporating songs and lyrics into the classroom is the most effective method for improving students' listening skills. These positive results were caused by good student responses and improved listening comprehension skills. In conclusion, this study advocates the integration of English music into language education as a powerful tool for developing listening skills. Positive feedback from students and demonstrated improvements in listening comprehension underscore the effectiveness of this innovative pedagogical approach. This research provides valuable insights for language educators and curriculum developers seeking innovative and engaging methods to improve language acquisition.
The last decades of the Ming dynasty, though plagued by chaos and destruction, saw a significant increase of publications that examined advances in knowledge and technology. Among the numerous guides ...and reference books that appeared during this period was a series of texts by Song Yingxing (1587–1666?), a minor local official living in southern China. His Tiangong kaiwu, the longest and most prominent of these works, documents the extraction and processing of raw materials and the manufacture of goods essential to everyday life, from yeast and wine to paper and ink to boats, carts, and firearms. In The Crafting of the 10,000 Things, Dagmar Schäfer probes this fascinating text and the legacy of its author to shed new light on the development of scientific thinking in China, the purpose of technical writing, and its role in and effects on Chinese history. Meticulously unfolding the layers of Song’s personal and cultural life, Schäfer chronicles the factors that motivated Song to transform practical knowledge into written culture. She then examines how Song gained, assessed, and ultimately presented knowledge, and in doing so articulates this era’s approaches to rationality, truth, and belief in the study of nature and culture alike. Finally, Schäfer places Song’s efforts in conjunction with the work of other Chinese philosophers and writers, before, during, and after his time, and argues that these writings demonstrate collectively a uniquely Chinese way of authorizing technology as a legitimate field of scholarly concern and philosophical knowledge. Offering an overview of a thousand years of scholarship, The Crafting of the 10,000 Things explains the role of technology and crafts in a culture that had an outstandingly successful tradition in this field and was a crucial influence on the technical development of Europe on the eve of the Industrial Revolution.
Acoustic communication in the form of songs is a learned behavior in oscine that can be passed down from one generation to the next through cultural transmission. Over time songs can change when ...populations become isolated from one another, creating dialects that are distinct to a population. Habitat fragmentation is an isolating mechanism that can influence differences in songs between populations when there is little to no connectivity between fragments and fragment size can influence diversity of song traits. We characterized and analyzed songs of the ‘ōma‘o (Myadestes obscurus) in a naturally fragmented forest to determine how landscape variables influenced song differences between populations. We chose five fragments of different sizes and isolation to record songs of the ‘ōma‘o. We performed a correlation test to evaluate whether there was a relationship between fragment size and total syllables, and between unique syllables and degree of isolation. We also conducted a Mantel test to determine if geographic distance had an influence on song similarity. Our results indicated that songs from larger fragments tended to have higher syllable diversity, but neither connectivity nor distance was related to the number of unique or shared syllables found within a fragment, respectively. Overall, the results indicated that ‘ōma‘o songs are highly variable at the individual level and that there may be little to no syllable sharing within and among populations.
Consistent and well‐defined criteria for the classification and measurement of humpback whale song features are essential for robust comparisons between investigators. Song structure terminology has ...been well‐established and used by many authors, though at times inconsistently. This review discusses the development of the nomenclature describing humpback song and explores the potential significance of the often‐overlooked variation in song patterns. Within the hierarchical definition of humpback song, the most problematic issues arise from the inconsistent delineation of phrase types, and the use of the metric of song duration without regards to variability in thematic sequence. With regards to the former, a set of guidelines is suggested to facilitate consistent delineation of phrases. With regards to the latter, current research demonstrates that the “song duration” metric has resulted in the disregard of variability at this level, which is more widespread than traditionally reported. An exemplar case is used to highlight the problem inherent in defining and measuring song duration. Humpback song is evaluated within the framework of avian songbird research, and a shift in analysis paradigm is recommended, towards phrase‐based analyses in which sequences of phrases are treated as a salient feature of song pattern.
PDF
