The recent decade has witnessed a new wave of development in the place-based accessibility theory, revolving around the two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method. The 2SFCA method, initially ...serving to evaluate the spatial inequity of health care services, has been further applied to other urban planning and facility access issues. Among these applications, different distance decay functions have been incorporated in the thread of model development, but their applicability and limitations have not been thoroughly examined. To this end, the paper has employed a place-based accessibility framework to compare the performance of twenty-four 2SFCA models in a comprehensive manner. Two important conclusions are drawn from this analysis: on a small analysis scale (e.g., community level), the catchment size is the most critical model component; on a large analysis scale (e.g., statewide), the distance decay function is of elevated importance. In sum, this comparative analysis provides the theoretical support necessary to the choice of the catchment size and the distance decay function in the 2SFCA method. Justification of model parameters through empirical evidence (e.g., field surveys about local travel activities) and model validation through sensitivity analysis are needed in future 2SFCA applications for various urban planning, service delivery, and spatial equity scenarios.
Measuring and analysing carbon leakage are the foundation for improving environmental responsibility. Based on the origin–destination approach and spatial spillover analysis, this study explores ...factors of China's inter-provincial carbon leakage. A multiregional input–output model was used to obtain the carbon footprint of consumption, and the factors of carbon leakage were assessed. The results revealed that the economic development and environmental regulations of the origin and destination have opposite effects on carbon leakage. Accordingly, provinces with high-energy intensity and abundant energy resources are mainly net-exported carbon, whereas provinces with underdeveloped secondary industries are mainly net-imported carbon. Notably, a positive spillover effect of energy intensity exists at the origin, and a negative one occurs at the destination. Moreover, a positive spillover affects the origin's energy output, and the surrounding areas' energy endowment can create favourable conditions for carbon leakage at the origin. Finally, corresponding policy suggestions are presented based on the above analysis.
•Origin-destination approach and spatial spillover analysis•The multi-regional input-output model is used.•The carbon footprint of the consumption was evaluated.•Factors of China's inter-provincial carbon leakage were defined.
•A division of labor between the informal sector and the formal recycling plants in e-waste recycling in China was described.•An entropy maximization model of spatial interaction was built to depict ...the interprovincial flows of e-waste.•The optimization of the recycling system was proposed.
China has built a territory-based formal e-waste recycling system as a response to the global e-waste challenge. This system created a division of labor between the informal sector and formal recycling plants by providing a subsidy to the latter to buy waste products collected by the former. Using provincial data of formal e-waste recycling plants in China in 2014, this paper quantifies the contribution of the informal sector to e-waste transportation at the national level. Despite the intention to plan a regional self-sufficient system for e-waste recycling at the provincial level, we find that significant interprovincial flows exist due to the complex market transactions within the informal collection network, which reveals the deep conflicts between market mechanism and public intervention in the evolvement of e-waste governance structure. We built a spatial interaction model to depict the interregional flows of e-waste that can quantitatively illustrate the change of spatial pattern of this network due to the introduction of the formal WEEE regulation in China. In conclusion, we discuss the policy implications for optimizing regional allocation of the e-waste recycling capacity as well as for improving the transparency of the reverse logistic system to include the informal sector in the future.
Following the April 2018 reemergence of Ebola in a rural region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the virus spread to an urban center by early May. Within 2 wk of the first case ...confirmation, a vaccination campaign was initiated in which 3,017 doses were administered to contacts of cases and frontline healthcare workers. To evaluate the spatial dynamics of Ebola transmission and quantify the impact of vaccination, we developed a geographically explicit model that incorporates high-resolution data on poverty and population density. We found that while Ebola risk was concentrated around sites initially reporting infections, longer-range dissemination also posed a risk to areas with high population density and poverty. We estimate that the vaccination program contracted the geographical area at risk for Ebola by up to 70.4% and reduced the level of risk within that region by up to 70.1%. The early implementation of vaccination was critical. A delay of even 1 wk would have reduced these effects to 33.3 and 44.8%, respectively. These results underscore the importance of the rapid deployment of Ebola vaccines during emerging outbreaks to containing transmission and preventing global spread. The spatiotemporal framework developed here provides a tool for identifying highrisk regions, in which surveillance can be intensified and preemptive control can be implemented during future outbreaks.
The paper makes use of a novel dataset of the surface access flows of passengers departing from the four main airports surrounding London to construct a spatial interaction model for the region. This ...model explains the spatial variability in the flows through four separate components being 1 spatial separation between the origin of the flow and the destination airport, 2 the demand characteristics at the origin, 3 the attractiveness of the service offered by the airport, and 4 the presence of intervening opportunities. A spatial econometric approach is taken in the modelling to account for the presence of spatial dependence in the data.
The output of the model reveals a strong distance decay effect, where the level of interaction between origins and airports displays a negative spatial gradient. Each of the four airports dominate passenger flows in their immediate vicinity, with the market in the region being hotly contested in central London. All four components of the model are useful in explaining spatial variation in passenger flows, demonstrating the efficacy of this approach in considering how airports source their demand in a Multi-Airport Region. The performance of the model is superior when considering passenger surface access flows for scheduled flights, while the explanatory power is reduced for flows associated with chartered flights. Having verified the applicability of the model, it is possible for policy makers to utilise the approach to consider such issues of expanding, limiting or reducing capacity at existing airports in the region, establishing new airport facilities, and the effect of population growth on the geographic form of airport demand.
•Surface access catchments for London airports reach far into the wider United Kingdom.•Distance decay effects are prominent for surface access to London airports.•Domestic routes act to contract surface access catchments for London airports.•Passenger leakage is visible, whereby flyers bypass their closest airport to attain a better offer.
Studies of scalar politics have acknowledged the hierarchical nature of inter-scalar state agent relations as a source of tensions for infrastructural failure. Few scholarly inquiries have given ...equal emphasis to the vertical and horizontal power relations, as well as the interplay of scalar verticality and horizontality which frames the power topologies in the regulation of infrastructural development. Informed by a political assemblage approach, this article explores the entanglement of scalar tensions and missing link crisis in China by "blending" the verticality and horizontality of scalar power geometries into a relationalized analytical framework. Using a data set of missing links in China's National Trunk Highway System (NTHS), this article estimates the relational effect of inter-scalar and intra-scalar intergovernmental linkages on the territorial pattern of missing links in the NTHS through a gravitational spatial interaction model, which contributes to the scholarship of missing links through the methodological crossover of spatial econometric modeling and scale theories. Results indicate the following: vertically, the involvement of provincial governments in the realization of the NTHS link increases the probability of a missing link; whereas horizontally, the presence of a (vice-)provincial city government heightens the risk of a missing link.
Abstract
The competitive facility location problem arises when businesses plan to enter a new market or expand their presence. We introduce a Bayesian spatial interaction model which provides ...probabilistic estimates on location-specific revenues and then formulate a mathematical framework to simultaneously identify the location and design of new facilities that maximise revenue. To solve the allocation optimisation problem, we develop a hierarchical search algorithm and associated sampling techniques that explore geographic regions of varying spatial resolution. We demonstrate the approach by producing optimal facility locations and corresponding designs for two large-scale applications in the supermarket and pub sectors of Greater London.
As cities continuously expand and with the emergence of mega-city regions, the urban functional zones (UFZs) have spread beyond their original administrative boundaries. An accurate and updated ...delineation of the UFZs is crucial for assessing the functional integration between cities within a mega-city region. Mobility data provides a chance to depict the UFZs from actual human activities at a finer spatial scale. Existing studies mostly adopted network-based approaches relying on the topological relationship but ignoring spatial factors, causing the lack of sensitivity in detecting the cross-cities integration of the functional region. This research proposed a novel regionalisation algorithm that redraws non-overlap boundaries of urban functional zones based on the commuting origin-destination matrix, representing the spatial interactions within cities and cross-cities. In particular, functional zones are drawn by searching for the best partition with the best goodness of fitting in the hierarchical spatial interaction model. The algorithm was applied to a case study of a mega-city region, Shenzhen-Dongguan-Huizhou (SDH) area in China using mobile phone signalling data. By adopting two different settings, this model evaluated the current status and predict the future trend of urban integration respectively. The results show the current boundary of UFZs in the SDH area almost coincides with administrative boundaries. Meanwhile, the results of long-term predictions might be utilised by policymakers to give more attention to the areas near the Dongguan-Huizhou boundary to promote industry cooperation and avoid mismatches between the functional and administrative regions.
•A hierarchical spatial interaction model for delineating urban functional zones.•An iteration-based algorithm for searching for the best partition of urban functional zones.•Using emerging mobile phone data for urban planning applications.•A case study of the SDH Area provides insights into cross-boundary city integration and related policy implications.
Culture is gaining increasing importance in the modern tourism industry and represents a significant force of attraction for tourists (both domestic and international). Cultural tourism allows ...destinations and regions to expand their customer base, diversify their offer, extend the stay of the tourist, and reduce seasonality. Great efforts are made, by national governments and regions, in order to obtain official designation regarding the relevance of their historical/cultural attractions, for example through UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites (WHS) list. Such an aspect seems particularly relevant for a country like Italy, which has a high number of entries in the WHS list and where regions take an active role in promoting tourism. Using an 12-year panel of domestic tourism flows, we investigate the importance of the regional endowment in terms of WHS from two perspectives: (a) by separately estimating the effects, on tourism flows, of WHS located in the residence region of tourists and in the destination region; and (b) by taking into account potential spatial substitution/complementarity effects between regions due to their WHS endowment. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is offered to evaluate the spatial extent of the latter.
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