Sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy is well-known as the surface and/or interface selective vibrational spectroscopic technique. In this paper, we present an application of SFG spectroscopy, ...especially for the analysis of surfaces and interfaces related to adhesion.
Non-invasive glucose monitoring has emerged as a new opportunity in medical diagnostics and health. Non-invasive glucose monitoring technology are evolving rapidly as the new medical monitoring ...devices which demand more compactness, comfort and accuracy, among other characteristics. This review examines two distinct approaches to non-invasive glucose monitoring based on the physiological parameters monitored: breath acetone and body surface monitoring. The review summarizes breath acetone monitoring, which analyzes a compound produced during human respiration, focusing on the use of advanced chromatography, mass spectrometry, and portable gas biosensors to improve convenience and mobility. Focusing on glucose monitoring through body surface secretions or electrical signals, the review discusses several promising methods, such as optical and electrochemical techniques. Given special emphasis are methods involving interstitial fluid (ISF), which are noted for their significant potential to enhance the practicality and accuracy of glucose monitoring. Despite the persistent challenges pertaining to the accuracy and standardization of non-invasive testing devices, we maintain the belief that with ongoing research and innovation, it is possible to attain enhanced accuracy, reliability, and convenience in non-invasive glucose monitoring technology in the future.
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•Divided non-invasive blood glucose monitoring techniques into two aspects: breath detection and body surface monitoring.•Detailed elaboration on the applications of optical methods and electrochemical methods in two aspects.•Summarized the characteristics of numerous composite nanomaterials.•Emphasized the extraction methods and analytical methods of interstitial fluids.
As they evolve, white dwarfs undergo major changes in surface composition, a phenomenon known as spectral evolution. In particular, some stars enter the cooling sequence with helium atmospheres (type ...DO) but eventually develop hydrogen atmospheres (type DA), most likely through the upward diffusion of residual hydrogen. Our empirical knowledge of this process remains scarce: the fractions of white dwarfs that are born helium rich and that experience the DO-to-DA transformation are poorly constrained. We tackle this issue by performing a detailed model-atmosphere investigation of 1806 hot ( ≥ 30,000 K) white dwarfs observed spectroscopically by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We first introduce our new generations of model atmospheres and theoretical cooling tracks, both appropriate for hot white dwarfs. We then present our spectroscopic analysis, from which we determine the atmospheric and stellar parameters of our sample objects. We find that ∼24% of white dwarfs begin their degenerate life as DO stars, among which ∼2/3 later become DA stars. We also infer that the DO-to-DA transition occurs at substantially different temperatures (75,000 K > > 30,000 K) for different objects, implying a broad range of hydrogen content within the DO population. Furthermore, we identify 127 hybrid white dwarfs, including 31 showing evidence of chemical stratification, and we discuss how these stars fit in our understanding of the spectral evolution. Finally, we uncover significant problems in the spectroscopic mass scale of very hot ( > 60,000 K) white dwarfs.
Electrochemical biosensor based on polypyrrole/La2O3 nanoparticles@snowflake-like Cu2S nanostructure composite and ds-DNA modified pencil graphite electrodes for detecting Idarubicin was fabricated.
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•La2O3 nanoparticles@snowflake-like Cu2S nanostructure composite was synthesized.•An electrochemical biosensor was fabricated with new nanostructure.•The modified biosensor achieves sensitive detection of idarubicin at nanomolar level.•This strategy is extended to practical assays of real samples.
Serious efforts have always been made to detect DNA molecules by fast, cost-effective, and susceptible instruments and clarify changes in DNA structure exposed to chemotherapy medicines. Accordingly, the present study endeavored to introduce a novel DNA biosensor fabricated by surface modification of pencil graphite electrodes using polypyrrole/La2O3 nanoparticles@snowflake-like Cu2S nanostructure composite, or PP/La2O3 NP@SF-L Cu2S NS composites, to detect ds-DNA molecules and Idarubicin (IDA). To prepare the proposed DNA biosensor, the ds-DNA was immobilized on the PP/La2O3 NP@SF-L Cu2S NS/PGE surface. IDA was detected electrochemically using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Subsequently, ultra-high sensitivity was reported for the biosensor of ds-DNA/PP/La2O3 NP@SF-L Cu2S NS/PGE towards the IDA so that the obtained limit of detection (LOD) was 1.3 nM with the linear range between 0.01 and 500.0 μM. The active reaction sites and admirable electrochemical activity associated with the nanocomposites were probably responsible for the excellent efficiency of the proposed biosensor, which accelerates electron transfer on the electrode surface and intensifies ds-DNA immobilization. The binding properties of IDA and DNA were investigated by molecular dynamic simulation (MDS), molecular docking (MD), and multi-spectroscopic analysis.
We present the VIMOS Ultra Deep Survey (VUDS), a spectroscopic redshift survey of ~10 000 very faint galaxies to study the main phase of galaxy assembly in 2 < z ≃ 6. The survey covers 1 deg2 in ...three separate fields: COSMOS, ECDFS, and VVDS-02h, with the selection of targets based on an inclusive combination of photometric redshifts and colour properties. Spectra covering 3650 < λ < 9350 Å are obtained with VIMOS on the ESO-VLT with integration times of 14h. Here we present the survey strategy, target selection, data processing, and the redshift measurement process with an emphasis on the specific methods used to adapt to this high-redshift range. We discuss the spectra quality and redshift reliability and derive a success rate in redshift measurement of 91%, or 74% by limiting the dataset to the most reliable measurements, down to a limiting magnitude iAB = 25. Measurements are performed all the way down to iAB = 27. The mean redshift of the main sample is z ~ 3 and extends over a broad redshift range mainly in 2 < z < 6. At 3 < z < 5, the galaxies cover a wide range of luminosities −23 < MNUV < −20.5, stellar mass 109M⊙ < M∗ < 1011M⊙, and star formation rates 1M⊙/yr < SFR < 103M⊙/yr. We discuss the spectral properties of galaxies using individual as well asstacked spectra. The comparison between spectroscopic and photometric redshifts as well as colour selection demonstrate the effectiveness of our selection scheme. From about ~ 90% of the data analysed so far, we expect to assemble >6000 galaxies with reliable spectroscopic redshifts in 2 < z < 6 when complete. This makes the VUDS the largest survey at these redshifts and offers the opportunity for unprecedented studies of the star-forming galaxy population and its distribution in large-scale structures during the main phase of galaxy assembly.
ABSTRACT In a six-year program started in 2014 July, the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) will conduct novel cosmological observations using the BOSS spectrograph at Apache ...Point Observatory. These observations will be conducted simultaneously with the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS) designed for variability studies and the Spectroscopic Identification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS) program designed for studies of X-ray sources. In particular, eBOSS will measure with percent-level precision the distance-redshift relation with baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) in the clustering of matter. eBOSS will use four different tracers of the underlying matter density field to vastly expand the volume covered by BOSS and map the large-scale-structures over the relatively unconstrained redshift range 0.6 < z < 2.2. Using more than 250,000 new, spectroscopically confirmed luminous red galaxies at a median redshift z = 0.72, we project that eBOSS will yield measurements of the angular diameter distance dA(z) to an accuracy of 1.2% and measurements of H(z) to 2.1% when combined with the z > 0.6 sample of BOSS galaxies. With ∼195,000 new emission line galaxy redshifts, we expect BAO measurements of dA(z) to an accuracy of 3.1% and H(z) to 4.7% at an effective redshift of z = 0.87. A sample of more than 500,000 spectroscopically confirmed quasars will provide the first BAO distance measurements over the redshift range 0.9 < z < 2.2, with expected precision of 2.8% and 4.2% on dA(z) and H(z), respectively. Finally, with 60,000 new quasars and re-observation of 60,000 BOSS quasars, we will obtain new Ly forest measurements at redshifts z > 2.1; these new data will enhance the precision of dA(z) and H(z) at z > 2.1 by a factor of 1.44 relative to BOSS. Furthermore, eBOSS will provide improved tests of General Relativity on cosmological scales through redshift-space distortion measurements, improved tests for non-Gaussianity in the primordial density field, and new constraints on the summed mass of all neutrino species. Here, we provide an overview of the cosmological goals, spectroscopic target sample, demonstration of spectral quality from early data, and projected cosmological constraints from eBOSS.
Single-molecule (SM) surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) have emerged as analytical techniques for characterizing molecular systems in nanoscale ...environments. SERS and TERS use plasmonically enhanced Raman scattering to characterize the chemical information on single molecules. Additionally, TERS can image single molecules with subnanometer spatial resolution. In this review, we cover the development and history of SERS and TERS, including the concept of SERS hot spots and the plasmonic nanostructures necessary for SM detection, the past and current methodologies for verifying SMSERS, and investigations into understanding the signal heterogeneities observed with SMSERS. Moving on to TERS, we cover tip fabrication and the physical origins of the subnanometer spatial resolution. Then, we highlight recent advances of SMSERS and TERS in fields such as electrochemistry, catalysis, and SM electronics, which all benefit from the vibrational characterization of single molecules. SMSERS and TERS provide new insights on molecular behavior that would otherwise be obscured in an ensemble-averaged measurement.
The C1s signal from ubiquitous carbon contamination on samples forming during air exposure, so called adventitious carbon (AdC) layers, is the most common binding energy (BE) reference in X-ray ...photoelectron spectroscopy studies. We demonstrate here, by using a series of transition-metal nitride films with different AdC coverage, that the BE of the C1s peak E B F varies by as much as 1.44eV. This is a factor of 10 more than the typical resolvable difference between two chemical states of the same element, which makes BE referencing against the C1s peak highly unreliable. Surprisingly, we find that C1s shifts correlate to changes in sample work function S A , such that the sum E B F + S A is constant at 289.50±0.15eV, irrespective of materials system and air exposure time, indicating vacuum level alignment. This discovery allows for significantly better accuracy of chemical state determination than offered by the conventional methods. Our findings are not specific to nitrides and likely apply to all systems in which charge transfer at the AdC/substrate interface is negligible.
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