The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry have forwarded a proposal to apply the concept of intraindustry flow of funds in order to develop the sports industry and strengthen the financial base of ...sports businesses from the top level to the grass-roots level. With regard to industrial policy, the flow of funds is a concept among multiple industries, and intra-industry flow of funds within the same industry is not assumed. However, in the sports industry, we can observe the intra-industry flow of funds in certain cases, especially in foreign countries. This paper examines the cases of intra-industry flow of funds in the sports industry, mainly in England and Germany, to understand their structural characteristics, to identify the necessary requirements for realization of intra-industry flow of funds in the Japanese sports industry, and to discuss the feasibility of such flows. In order to realize intra-industry flow of funds, it is necessary to have funding providers, recipients, a legal and taxation system for fund transfers, an entity to manage the flow of funds, and a rational reason why flow of funds is also essential for the fund providers. The most promising candidate fund provider is the spectators' sports business. On the other hand, for the recipients, the cases seen in England and Germany suggest that regional sports clubs with non-profit entities are the most likely candidates. In order to enable the flow of funds or, in other words, the transfer of profits from providers to recipients, it is essential to have a legal system and a preferential taxation system to support it. In addition, an element of a public interest needs to be embedded in the design of a system that supports such a flow of funds or it would likely be unacceptable by the providers. The intra-industry flow of funds is a concept that conflicts with a free market economy. On the other hand, it is widely recognized that sports are a public interest that needs to be indemnified. Naturally it is expected that this public interest would be embedded in certain types of sports businesses. While there are good prospects for designing a system to realize the intra-industry flow of funds in the sports industry in Japan, it is of utmost importance to establish a common understanding of public interest in sports businesses among stakeholders involved in the sports industry.
Summary
Researchers and policymakers acknowledge sports clubs (SCs) as health promoting settings. Limited research links the health promoting sports club (HPSC) concept with evidence-driven ...strategies to provide SCs guidance to develop health promotion (HP) interventions. As implementation science insists on theoretically grounded interventions, the present work’s objective was to provide SCs an evidence-driven intervention framework for planning, developing and implementing HP initiatives. Four iteratively sequenced steps were undertaken: (i) investigation of ‘health promoting’ indicators, (ii) adaptation of the HPSC concept to create the HPSC model, (iii) formulation of published evidence-driven guidelines into strategies and implementable intervention components (ICs) and (iv) merging the HPSC model with the ICs to create an intervention planning framework for SCs. First, researchers drafted five HPSC indicators. Second, they defined three SC levels (macro, meso and micro) and four health determinants (organizational, environmental, economic and social) to create an HPSC model. Third, researchers used published guidelines to develop 14 strategies with 55 ICs. Fourth, three workshops (one each with French master-level sport students, French sport and health professionals and Swedish sport and health professionals) had participants classify the ICs into the model. The HPSC model and intervention framework are starting points to plan, select and deliver interventions to increase SC HP. This planning framework is usable in several ways: (i) clubs can apply strategies to achieve specific goals, (ii) clubs can target specific levels with corresponding ICs and (iii) ICs can be used to address particular health determinants.
Sowohl der Grundschulsport als auch das organisierte und informelle Sporttreiben im Kindesalter sind in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten mit neuartigen Herausforderungen konfrontiert und von ...Wandlungsprozessen erfasst worden. Neben der Berücksichtigung heterogener Lernvoraussetzungen der Schüler*innen im Fach Sport hat nicht zuletzt die Etablierung des Ganztagsunterrichts in der Grundschule eine massive Ausweitung der Kooperationen mit Sportvereinen sowie Trägern der offenen Kinder- und Jugendarbeit begünstigt. Die Beiträger*innen diskutieren zentrale Entwicklungslinien und Zukunftsaufgaben des Grundschulsports sowie des organisierten und informellen Kindersports.
Sowohl der Grundschulsport als auch das organisierte und informelle Sporttreiben im Kindesalter sind in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten mit neuartigen Herausforderungen konfrontiert und von ...Wandlungsprozessen erfasst worden. Neben der Berücksichtigung heterogener Lernvoraussetzungen der Schüler*innen im Fach Sport hat nicht zuletzt die Etablierung des Ganztagsunterrichts in der Grundschule eine massive Ausweitung der Kooperationen mit Sportvereinen sowie Trägern der offenen Kinder- und Jugendarbeit begünstigt. Die Beiträger*innen diskutieren zentrale Entwicklungslinien und Zukunftsaufgaben des Grundschulsports sowie des organisierten und informellen Kindersports.
Background:
The rate of participation in community-based sport by boys and men has been double that of girls and women. Contributing to this is the fact that some sports have been traditionally ...male-only or at least very male-dominated.
Aim:
The aim of this study was to investigate changes in participation in sport by sex and age across 10 major sports in Australia over a 5-year period. In conjunction with the analysis of participation trends, the gender strategies that were developed and implemented during this time are reviewed.
Methods:
This study encompassed all sport participants registered with one of 10 State Sporting Associations in Victoria, Australia in 2015 and in 2019. Participation rates by region, age and sex were calculated. State sport and health policies relating to female participation in sport were reviewed.
Results:
There were 749,037 registrations in 2015 and 868,266 in 2019. A comparison between 2015 and 2019 shows increases in participation for women and girls across all age groups (4–84 years), and highest increases for those aged 4 (6.6%) and 5–9 (4.7%). For boys there was a considerable decrease in participation for those aged 5–9 years (−3.8%).
Discussion:
This study provides evidence that whilst participation in sport is still dominated by males, the gap might be gradually closing and this is in line with recent strategies and investments into sport and wider cultural developments in society. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Prior studies extensively examined the way sports club membership can lead to beneficial affective outcomes. Prior experiments also found that team sports, intensive sports, and sports that are ...frequently pursued can lead to even more affective benefits. However, no prior studies examined the differences between the affective benefits of specific sports. Based on prior results, we supposed that certain sports that meet all the previously set criteria-will provide the greatest affective benefits. The present large-scale investigation examined the data of adolescents (
= 12,849, female = 5,812, aged between 10 and 18,
= 12.56 years, and
= 2.00) and aimed to fill this gap. Firstly, the results showed that-although differences in affect can be found between the lack of club membership and most of the sports club memberships-the differences between the specific sports are less striking. Secondly, the sports that are associated with the highest level of positive and the lowest level of negative affectivity are not necessarily the ones expected. Finally, adolescents who practice athletics, reported the lowest means of negative, and the highest means of positive affect. However, it did not differ significantly from the results regarding the most practiced sport in France: soccer. Our results suggest that soccer as the most practice sport among French adolescents was associated with more positive affects than the majority of the 10 most licensed members French sports practiced by teens between 2008 and 2019. All in all, being a member of a sports club is associated with affective benefits, and some specific sports clubs can have some extra benefits.
Grit, the ability to continue to work passionately and persistently on long-term goals, has been attracting attention in recent years as a factor that contributes to life success. The Grit Scale ...consists of two sub-scales, “consistency of interest,” which is the passion to put effort into the same goal over a long period, and “persistence of effort,” which is the tenacity to continuously strive for the goal. Among several activities that may increase grit, we chose coaching style in a sports club. An online survey was conducted with freshmen from a university and a vocational school who had participated in sports clubs in the past, that is, until they graduated from high-school (n=415), and those who did not have such experience (n=88). Sports club members were found to have higher persistence of effort than those who did not belong to sports clubs. Moreover, among sports club members, the persistence of effort score was higher after controlling the five personality scores when the club was more active and when their coach was more task-oriented. Although a causal relationship cannot be determined because this was a cross-sectional survey, this study is significant as it shows the possibility of the positive effect of continuous participation in sports and the coaching style. In the future, it is recommended that studies use various samples and a longitudinal study design.
Abstract Physical activity occurring through organized sport has been positioned as an engaging manner not only to prevent chronic-degenerative diseases but also to promote healthier societies. ...However, there is a lack of evidence linking competitive sport participation in the club environment in promoting youth athletes’ psychosocial development and mental health. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the effects of age, sport type, and training experience on the psychosocial development and mental health of youth Brazilian club athletes. Participants were 220 male adolescent athletes (Mean =14.09 years; SD = 2.21) from individual and team sports. Instruments included the Portuguese Youth Experience Survey for Sport (P-YES-S) and the Portuguese Mental Health Continuum – Short Form (P-MHC-SF). Correlation and multilevel linear regression analyses were performed. The results indicated a moderated correlation between both questionnaires. For the P-YES-S, model effect estimations showed variation for age in the Personal and Social Skills dimension and variations for training experience in the Cognitive Skills and Negative Experiences dimensions. For the P-MHC-SF, model effect estimations showed variation for age in the Emotional Well Being dimension and variation for sport type in Social Well Being and Psychological Well Being dimensions. More research is needed to continue examining how characteristics of sport participation are related to psychosocial development and mental health.
Resumo A atividade física por meio do esporte organizado tem sido posicionada como uma ferramenta potencial não apenas para prevenir o acometimento de doenças crônico degenerativas, mas também para promover uma sociedade mais saudável. Contudo, ainda existe uma lacuna científica acerca da relação entre a participação no esporte competitivo no contexto de clubes e a promoção do desenvolvimento psicossocial e a saúde mental de jovens atletas. Assim, este estudo buscou analisar os efeitos da idade, tipo de esporte e nível de experiência no desenvolvimento psicossocial e na saúde mental de jovens atletas de um clube brasileiro. Os participantes foram 220 atletas adolescentes do sexo masculino (Média = 14,09 anos; DP = 2,21) de esportes individuais e coletivos. Os instrumentos incluíram o Questionário de Experiência Esportiva em Jovens - Português (P-YES-S) e o Contínuo de Saúde Mental - Short Form – Português (P-MHC-SF). Análises de correlação e regressão linear multinível foram realizadas. Os resultados indicaram uma correlação moderada entre os dois questionários. Para o P-YES-S, as estimativas do efeito do modelo mostraram variação para a idade na dimensão Habilidades Pessoais e Sociais e variações para o nível de experiência nas dimensões Habilidades Cognitivas e Experiências Negativas. Para o P-MHC-SF, as estimativas do efeito do modelo mostraram variação para a idade na dimensão Bem-estar Emocional e variação para o tipo de esporte nas dimensões Bem-Estar Social e Bem-Estar Psicológico. Mais pesquisas são necessárias para continuar examinando como as características da participação no esporte estão relacionadas ao desenvolvimento psicossocial e à saúde mental.
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