As a discipline, the study of Biblical Hebrew grammar began largely among Arabic-speaking Jews of the Middle Ages, particularly in the ʿAbbasid period (750–1258 CE). Indeed, it has long been ...acknowledged by scholars that the Hebrew grammatical tradition, in many ways, grew up out of and alongside the Arabic grammatical tradition. Many concepts present in Hebrew grammar have their origins in the writings of Arabic grammarians of the ʿAbbasid period. And yet, as recent linguistic and anthropological work has shown, setting down ‘the grammar’ of a language can be as much an ideological or political activity as an academic one. In addition to the language itself, speech communities also share beliefs and attitudes about that language—what linguistic anthropologists would term a ‘language ideology’. Language ideology can have a dramatic impact on what forms of the language one regards as acceptable and what sort of rules one imposes on and through their description of the language. Nevertheless, while much work has been done on the interface between Hebrew and Arabic grammar and literature in the Middle Ages, interface of their respective language ideologies has yet to be treated theoretically or systematically. In the present book, then, we survey six specific characteristics of a ‘standard language ideology’ that appear in both the writings of the Hebrew grammarians who wrote in Judeo-Arabic and the Arabic grammarians during the ʿAbbasid period. Such striking lines of linguistic-ideological similarity suggest that it may not have been only grammatical concepts or literary genres that the medieval Hebrew grammarians inherited from the Arabic grammatical tradition, but a way of thinking about language as well.
The author reflects on the specific ambivalence between linguistic feeling and linguistic intelligence, which many native language users encounter from the beginning of school language education. A ...similar duality of the relationship to the mother (native) language can also be felt by any adult individual who is interested in the valid language norm and its current fulfillment in the national communication space, and therefore formulates his or her comments on real “language life” or raises questions addressed to experts in language issues. The author tries to suggest ways to a solution both in educational practice and at the level of language education and language counselling for the wider public. Her approach is based on the current situation in the Czech Republic compared to some features in the Slovak environment.
The purpose of this study is to describe elitist language on the Humor Recehku Instagram account, namely (1) non-standard word forms; (2) abbreviated forms that cause non-standard; and (3) word forms ...from foreign languages. The method used in this research is the descriptive method. The data collection technique was done by observing and taking notes. Data analysis used Miles and Huberman qualitative analysis, namely data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions and levers. This research leads to the content analysis “content analysis”. The data in this study are in the form of words, phrases, and sentences that experience language shifts in an elitist form. The results of this study indicate that there is a language shift in the case of using elitist language in the Humor Recehku Instagram account. First, non-standard word forms include non-standard words without a play (emang, gini, telfon, sampe, ngerasa dan sebagainya); non-standard words with a pun (Oktrouble dan gw); and non-standard words weakening phonemes (males, denger, bener-bener, ye, cakep, anjeng, kecapean, dan temen). Second, abbreviations that cause non-standard abbreviated standard words (sm, org, krn, dan trs); and abbreviated non-standard words (not and yesterday2). Third, foreign language words are divided into (typing, excuse, mood and so on); phrase (self-reminder, close friend IG); and sentences (is the best kind of sleep, oh well honey, you keep your small circle, and friend with many but trust any).
Granting equal opportunities to non-standard and standard language learners is unfair practice, since these two language groups are expected to achieve the same outcomes at the end of their school ...career. Learners who speak a non-standard variety of a language are at a disadvantage in classrooms that promote the standard language and face struggles such as differences in pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, syntax, orthography, and discourse style. The current study exposed the challenges Mpondo-speaking learners face in learning the Xhosa standard language through the eyes of their teachers and subject advisors. The study was qualitative and a case study design was followed. Three Xhosa subject advisors and three Xhosa teachers were purposively sampled to provide data for the study. The findings showed that Mpondo-speaking learners were not exposed to the Xhosa standard language outside of the classroom context. The results also indicated that since Mpondo is a language that learners learn before going to school, it conflicted with Xhosa vocabulary and complicated the life of Mpondo-speaking learners when learning the new language, Xhosa. The results also showed that Mpondo-speaking learners received penalties in terms of marks allocation. They were punished for using their mother tongue. Finally, the findings revealed that Xhosa teachers and Xhosa subject advisors were of the view that using a dialect and standard language simultaneously in the classroom could minimise the challenges experienced by Mpondo learners.
Biological Pathway Exchange (BioPAX) is a standard language to represent biological pathways at the molecular and cellular level and to facilitate the exchange of pathway data. The rapid growth of ...the volume of pathway data has spurred the development of databases and computational tools to aid interpretation; however, use of these data is hampered by the current fragmentation of pathway information across many databases with incompatible formats. BioPAX, which was created through a community process, solves this problem by making pathway data substantially easier to collect, index, interpret and share. BioPAX can represent metabolic and signaling pathways, molecular and genetic interactions and gene regulation networks. Using BioPAX, millions of interactions, organized into thousands of pathways, from many organisms are available from a growing number of databases. This large amount of pathway data in a computable form will support visualization, analysis and biological discovery.
This article presents an overview of findings on the varieties of spoken Slovenian in Austrian Carinthia, focusing in particular on the changes perceived by researchers in the last two decades and on ...contemporary speech practices. Findings by other researchers are built upon with the results of biographical interviews conducted with seven students of Slovenian at the University of Klagenfurt. Three topics are at the forefront: the attitude toward the local dialect, the use of standard Slovenian variety, and speech accommodation in groups.
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