The ALPIDE chip is a CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor being developed for the Upgrade of the ITS of the ALICE experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The ALPIDE chip is implemented with a ...180nm CMOS Imaging Process and fabricated on substrates with a high-resistivity epitaxial layer. It measures 15mm×30mm and contains a matrix of 512×1024pixels with in-pixel amplification, shaping, discrimination and multi-event buffering. The readout of the sensitive matrix is hit driven. There is no signaling activity over the matrix if there are no hits to read out and power consumption is proportional to the occupancy. The sensor meets the experimental requirements of detection efficiency above 99%, fake-hit probability below 10−5 and a spatial resolution of 5μm. The capability to read out Pb–Pb interactions at 100kHz is provided. The power density of the ALPIDE chip is projected to be less than 35mW/cm2 for the application in the Inner Barrel Layers and below 20mW/cm2 for the Outer Barrel Layers, where the occupancy is lower. This contribution describes the architecture and the main features of the final ALPIDE chip, planned for submission at the beginning of 2016. Early results from the experimental qualification of full scale prototype predecessors are also reported.
•The ALPIDE chip, an innovative CMOS pixel particle detector is described.•It achieves excellent detection performance figures and very low power consumption.•The characterization of prototypes confirms the achievement of the specifications.
The EAST plasma control system (PCS) undergoes continuous development and upgrade to achieve major goals of EAST steady-state advanced operation. According to the development of computer multi-core ...processor technology, the four nodes PCS cluster was simplified to one host and one real time computing node structure. Besides, the cluster internal data exchange network Myrinet was replaced by high speed 10 Giga-bit Ethernet for inter machine and shared memory technology for multi-core communication. Such new upgraded system is called standalone PCS which has less hardware but be more efficient and easy to backup. In the new upgraded system, a real time archiving mode using data segment technology of MDSplus was realized which provided the possibility to save all data in segments without increasing the computer memory or reducing the saving frequency in steady–state operation. To reduce the heat flux and surface temperature on the divertor targets, plasma radiation control using divertor inert gas puffing and mid-plane supersonic molecular beam injection (SMBI) was integrated in PCS. In this paper, the control design and experiment results are discussed.
The ever-growing penetration of converter-interfaced distributed renewable energy sources (CI-DRES) in distribution networks, despite the undoubted advantages, has a profound impact on the ...traditional protection systems. The protection problem becomes even more complicated as the increase in the CI-DRES penetration level leads to the decommissioning of conventional power plants. Due to the limited current capability of CI-DRES, decommissioning of conventional units will lead to a transmission grid of significantly lower short-circuit level. This study proposes a novel protection philosophy for distribution grids of low short-circuit capacity and high CI-DRES penetration. According to the proposed approach, CI-DRES are controlled to actively participate in the fault-clearing procedure, supporting the short-circuit capacity, in an aggregated form, through the injection of controllable currents. Therefore, conventional overcurrent protection devices can be used, without any additional investments for a protection system upgrade. The CI-DRES fault contribution is based on their relative position to the fault, respecting technical and protection-malfunction constraints. In addition to the short-circuit level, the effect of the feeder parameters and the power factor of the injected fault current on the voltage recovery is also investigated. The proposed protection philosophy is validated via detailed simulations in DIgSILENT PowerFactory.
We did energy efficient retrofits for the Indiana University Purdue University—Indianapolis Health Science Building using the eQuest energy software. The current dual-fan dual-duct (DFDD) system is ...41 years old and has a higher energy utilization index (EUI) than the national average for similar building types. The baseline model with the DFDD system was compared with the actual electrical consumption. Then, two energy efficiency measures (EEMs) were applied to the model. The first EEM was ‘DFDD system with chilled water and steam heating,’ and the second EEM was ‘single-duct variable air volume (VAV) with chilled water and electric reheat.’ After comparative simulations and analyses, it was determined that the ‘single duct VAV with chilled water and electric reheat’ was the most energy efficient and saved 28% in utility costs. The recommendation given to the facility services was to change the current DFDD system to the single-duct VAV system. The single-duct VAV system will save energy and create additional space above the ceiling after the heating duct is removed.
An information system (IS) upgrade is an essential way to enhance the competitiveness of an organization. Specifically, the decision making processes surrounding IS upgrades is one of the most ...important parts of an organization’s competitiveness in regard to business sustainability. Previous research studies on IS upgrade decisions have focused on implementing a more efficient decision-making system by determining when IS upgrades should be performed based on the cost factor, from the perspective of both users and experts. However, if the decision making of an IS upgrade is delayed or not performed accurately due to the limitations of a specific business environment, such as a job, position, or cost, an organization can lose its business competitiveness. In this context, the present study determines the main factors involved in decision making processes surrounding IS upgrades, and analyzes the interrelations among these factors in an organization with regard to users, managers, and experts. The interpretive structural modeling (ISM) method is used as an analytical tool to analyze the characteristics and interrelations of factors based on a real system model called the User-Centered Training System (UCTS). Based on the results, the present study provides a deeper insight into decision-making factors and directional models, and allows for a more efficient management of the decision-making problem of an IS upgrade caused by differences in the business environment between each layer (i.e., users, managers, and experts). Specifically, according to our results, users are more likely to think about the positive effects and benefits they could have on their work, rather than about organizational benefits. By contrast, managers reason that IS upgrades should have a positive impact on the overall organizational goals and benefits. Finally, experts think that an IS upgrade should benefit both the organization and users. Taken together, the results of the present study are meaningful in that they clearly show the interrelationships between the decision-making factors on each of the levels.
A hierarchical modulation scheme is proposed to upgrade an existing digital broadcast system, such as satellite TV, or satellite radio, by adding more data in its transmission. The hierarchical ...modulation consists of a basic constellation, which is the same as in the original system, and a secondary constellation, which carries the additional data for the upgraded system. The upgraded system with the hierarchical modulation is backward compatible in the sense that receivers that have been deployed in the original system can continue receiving data in the basic constellation. New receivers can be designed to receive data carried in the secondary constellation, as well as those in the basic constellation. Analysis will be performed to show the tradeoff between bit rate of the data in secondary constellation and the penalty to the performance of receiving the basic constellation.
Most RTOs use a form of adjusted production cost (APC) savings to judge economic benefits of potential transmission projects which may not fit competitive electricity markets if it only measures ...generation cost, and ignores congestion cost. Congestion cost is due to price separation between generation and load, which can significantly impact electric consumer costs. This paper is going to compare the current MISO, SPP and PJM APC methods firstly. A new cost evaluation method is then proposed to balance the benefits between utilities and consumers. Simulation in the IEEE14-bus test system shows that the proposed new metric works well for system congestion relief and cost estimate for the whole society.
Muitas empresas que implementaram o sistema ERP R/3 da SAP e que necessitam fazer atualização da versão são surpreendidas com a grande demanda de recursos humanos e estruturais solicitados para fazer ...estas atualizações. O longo tempo de projeto, a quantidade de recursos financeiros e a força de trabalho interna requerida para a atualização são usualmente similares à implementação de um ERP original. Este trabalho analisa uma atualização de versão em uma empresa do segmento de bebidas. Depois de uma revisão bibliográfica para apresentar um referencial teórico de conceitos sobre os sistemas ERPs, é gerado um questionário que serve de instrumento de coleta de dados. O artigo relata o resultado de uma pesquisa que avalia sete fatores críticos de sucesso, relativos às implementações de sistemas ERPs descritos na literatura, durante a atualização de versão do sistema R/3 da SAP, verificando se as demandas são justificadas.
PDF
