Recently, a mix of traditional and modern approaches have been proposed to detect brain abnormalities using bio‐signal/bio‐image‐assisted methods. In hospitals, most of the initial/scheduled ...assessments consider the bio‐signal‐based appraisal, due to its non‐invasive nature and low cost. Further, brain bio‐signal scans can be recorded using a single/multi‐channel electrode setup, which is further evaluated by an experienced doctor, as well as computer software, to identify the nature and severity of abnormality. In this paper, we describe the development of a system for computer supported detection (CSD) of schizophrenia using the electroencephalogram (EEG) signal collected with a 19‐channel electrode array. Schizophrenia is a mental illness that interferes with the way an individual thinks and behaves. It is characterised by psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations or delusions, negative symptoms such as decreased motivation or a lack of interest in daily activities and cognitive symptoms such challenges in processing information to make informed decisions or staying focused. This research has utilized 1142 EEGs (516 normal and 626 schizophrenia) with a frame length of 25 s (6250 samples) for investigation. The work initially converts the EEG signals to images using a spectrogram. Local configuration pattern features were extracted from the images thereafter, and 10‐fold validation technique was used wherein Student's t‐test and z‐score standardization were computed per fold. The highest accuracy of 97.20% was achieved with the K‐nearest neighbour (KNN) classifier. The results obtained confirm that the KNN classifier is helpful in the rapid detection of schizophrenia. This work is one of the first studies to extract local configuration pattern features from spectrogram images, yielding a high accuracy of 97.20%, with reduced computational complexity.
Summary
A general framework is set up to study the asymptotic properties of the intent-to-treat Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test in randomized experiments with nonignorable noncompliance. Under ...location-shift alternatives, the Pitman efficiencies of the intent-to-treat Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney and $t$ tests are derived. It is shown that the former is superior if the compliers are more likely to be found in high-density regions of the outcome distribution or, equivalently, if the noncompliers tend to reside in the tails. By logical extension, the relative efficiency of the two tests is sharply bounded by least and most favourable scenarios in which the compliers are segregated into regions of lowest and highest density, respectively. Such bounds can be derived analytically as a function of the compliance rate for common location families such as Gaussian, Laplace, logistic and $t$ distributions. These results can help empirical researchers choose the more efficient test for existing data, and calculate sample size for future trials in anticipation of noncompliance. Results for nonadditive alternatives and other tests follow along similar lines.
In regular football, the players' selection process involves an objective assessment based on their anthropometric and physical performance. However, available literature focused on players' ...selection process in cerebral palsy (CP) football is scarce.
To describe the anthropometrical and physical performance profiles of the International Spanish CP footballers and to compare them with the remaining CP football players from the national competition.
A total of 75 CP football players from the Spanish CP Football National Competition (classified into the 3 existing classes: football class FT 1 = 38; FT2 = 29; FT3 = 8) participated in the study. Participants were divided into 2 groups: selected players (n = 15) and nonselected players (n = 60) for the national team. Anthropometrical data and physical performance (countermovement jump, 20-m sprint, modified agility T-test MAT, and dribbling test) were collected.
There were significant differences in the 20-m sprint, MAT, and dribbling for the total sample and in MAT and dribbling for FT2 and FT3 classes between selected players and nonselected players (P < .05), but there were no differences for FT1. The MAT and dribbling showed a positive correlation and a high percentage of player selection prediction.
Change-of-direction ability (ie, MAT) and dribbling skills are important when performing the selection process, as they allow the evaluation of important aspects of the game, but they may also provide the technical staff with an idea of the functionality and the physical performance of the players in each sport class.
This article works with an expression of the mean of log Bayes Factor to elucidate its dependence on specified priors. Such explication answers some basic questions about interpreting Bayes Factor as ...evidence against a null or an alternative hypothesis. It also provides a powerful tool to study the behavior of the Bayes Factor under various underlying distributions that may generate the data. A new concept, the neutral distribution, is proposed to evaluate performances of Bayesian methods across sample space. It quantifies the deviation in a log Bayes Factor in favoring the null hypothesis when the data is generated under an alternative hypothesis. Eventually this method provides a tool to obtain an estimate of the sample size needed to stand a reasonable chance in obtaining compelling evidence. An application of this concept is presented in the context of Bayesian Two-sample t-tests.
While various monocyte chemokine systems are increased in expression in osteoarthritis (OA), the hierarchy of chemokines and chemokine receptors in mediating monocyte/macrophage recruitment to the OA ...joint remains poorly defined. Here, we investigated the relative contributions of the CCL2/CCR2 versus CCL5/CCR5 chemokine axes in OA pathogenesis.
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-deficient and control mice were subjected to destabilisation of medial meniscus surgery to induce OA. The pharmacological utility of blocking CCL2/CCR2 signalling in mouse OA was investigated using bindarit, a CCL2 synthesis inhibitor, and RS-504393, a CCR2 antagonist. Levels of monocyte chemoattractants in synovial tissues and fluids from patients with joint injuries without OA and those with established OA were investigated using a combination of microarray analyses, multiplexed cytokine assays and immunostains.
Mice lacking CCL2 or CCR2, but not CCL5 or CCR5, were protected against OA with a concomitant reduction in local monocyte/macrophage numbers in their joints. In synovial fluids from patients with OA, levels of CCR2 ligands (CCL2, CCL7 and CCL8) but not CCR5 ligands (CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5) were elevated. We found that CCR2+ cells are abundant in human OA synovium and that CCR2+ macrophages line, invade and are associated with the erosion of OA cartilage. Further, blockade of CCL2/CCR2 signalling markedly attenuated macrophage accumulation, synovitis and cartilage damage in mouse OA.
Our findings demonstrate that monocytes recruited via CCL2/CCR2, rather than by CCL5/CCR5, propagate inflammation and tissue damage in OA. Selective targeting of the CCL2/CCR2 system represents a promising therapeutic approach for OA.
The objective of this study is to assess the usage of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) by TISHK International University (TIU) teaching staff. The data were obtained from 62 teaching ...staff from the Engineering, Information Technology (IT) and Education faculties. A standardized questionnaire was utilized to obtain data from research participants. Descriptive statistics, Confidence Interval, One-Sample t-test, Two-Sample t-test, and one-way ANOVA were all used to analyse the data obtained. This facilitated the evaluation of differences in usage by various departments and faculties at the university. The outcome of the study was that there were no differences in usage of ICT regarding the participants’ educational status, ages, gender, educational level, and marital status. However, a significant difference in the number of hours spent using ICT tools was found.
Data analysis techniques that rely on standard statistical tools and algorithms often encounter problems when dealing with data sets that have large sample sizes. In this study, two statistical tests ...done in conducting simple linear regression analysis were revisited. In particular, the study simulated the effects of large sample sizes and amount of contamination in the data due to non-sampling errors on the false positive rate of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test in testing for normality of error terms. The study also characterized the effects of varying sample size and amount of contamination in the data on the false negative rate of the t-test in testing the significance of a regression coefficient. Lastly, an optimality index was developed to determine the sample sizes and the values of the percent noise at which both the false positive rate of the K-S test and the false negative rate of the t-test are minimized.
Cilјevi ovog istraživanja su bili da se utvrde: (1) razlike u antropometrijskim karakteristikama i agilnosti između različitih funkcionalnih klasa košarkaša u kolicima i (2) povezanost između ...antropometrijskih karakteristika i agilnosti sa funkcionalnom klasifikacijom košarkaša u kolicima. Uzorak ispitanika činilo je 40 košarkaša u kolicima, uzrasta 33.9 ± 11.2 godina. Procenjivane su antropometrijske karakteristike (longitudionalne i cirkularne dimenzije, kožni nabori), a za procenu agilnosti korišćeni su modifikovani T-test i osmica test. Rezultati jednosmerne analize varijanse ukazuju na postojanje značajnih razlika sa veoma velikim efektima između igrača različitih funkcionalnih klasa kod telesne mase, sedeće visine i sedeće dohvatne visine, dok su značajne razlike sa velikim efektima zabeležene kod testova za procenu agilnosti: T-testa i osmice testa. Takođe, rezultati korelacione analize ukazuju na to da postoje značajne umerene pozitivne korelacije sedeće visine i dohvatne visine sa funkcionalnom klasifikacijom.
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