Donor–acceptor (D–A) type semiconducting polymers have shown great potential for the application of deformable and stretchable electronics in recent decades. However, due to their heterogeneous ...structure with rigid backbones and long solubilizing side chains, the fundamental understanding of their molecular picture upon mechanical deformation still lacks investigation. Here, the molecular orientation of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)‐based D–A polymer thin films is probed under tensile deformation via both experimental measurements and molecular modeling. The detailed morphological analysis demonstrates highly aligned polymer crystallites upon deformation, while the degree of backbone alignment is limited within the crystalline domain. Besides, the aromatic ring on polymer backbones rotates parallel to the strain direction despite the relatively low overall chain anisotropy. The effect of side‐chain length on the DPP chain alignment is observed to be less noticeable. These observations are distinct from traditional linear‐chain semicrystalline polymers like polyethylene due to distinct characteristics of backbone/side‐chain combination and the crystallographic characteristics in DPP polymers. Furthermore, a stable and isotropic charge carrier mobility is obtained from fabricated organic field‐effect transistors. This study deconvolutes the alignment of different components within the thin‐film microstructure and highlights that crystallite rotation and chain slippage are the primary deformation mechanisms for semiconducting polymers.
In this study, the chain alignment mechanism of semiconducting polymers under tensile deformation is carefully investigated. The thin‐film mechanical behavior is determined by the film‐on‐water tensile tester, while multimodal characterization methods are applied to capture the microstructural evolution, including hard, tender, soft X‐ray, UV–vis, and molecular simulation. Both crystallite rotation and chain sliding are determined to be the primary mechanisms during deformation.
Tea (Camellia sinensis L. O. Kuntze) tree is a perennial plant in which winter dormancy is an important biological adaptation to environmental changes. We discovered and reported a novel tea tree ...cultivar that can generate tender shoots in winter several years ago, but the molecular mechanism for this unique phenotype remains unknown . Here, we conducted comparative transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics along with phytohormone quantitation between the winter and spring tender shoots to investigate the physiological basis and putative regulatory mechanisms of its evergrowing character during winter. Our multi-omics study has led to the following findings. Gibberellin (GA) levels and key enzymes for GA biosynthesis and the signal transduction pathway were increased in the winter shoots, causing the ABA/GA content ratio to decrease, which might play a key regulatory role in maintaining normal growth during winter. The abundance of proteins, genes and metabolites involved in energy metabolism was all increased in winter shoots, indicating that energy is critical for continuous growth under the relatively weak-light and low-temperature environment. Abiotic resistance-related proteins and free amino acids were also increased in abundance in the winter shoots, which possibly represents an adaptation response to winter conditions. These results allowed us to hypothesize a novel molecular mechanism of adaptation for this unique tender shoot evergrowing in winter.
The issue of tender offers has surfaced, among others, because there have been several cases of takeovers of public companies by other parties, causing losses to other shareholders, especially public ...shareholders. The main issues to be discussed, namely how the regulation of Tender Offers in Indonesia, what are the legal consequences of Tender Offers. This research aims to find out the regulation of Tender Offer in Indonesia and the impact of Take Over on Public Companies that are taken over. The form of research in writing this journal is a normative legal research jurisdiction using a statutory approach. The results in this research. The regulations regarding takeovers and tender offers are contained in Law Number 8 of 1995 concerning the Capital Market and Government Regulation number 27 of 1998. the result of this study is that in 2011 the Government passed Law Number 21 of 2011 concerning the Financial Services Authority which resulted in the transfer of power regarding macroeconomic regulation from Bank Indonesia to OJK which includes the Take Over and Tender Offer process. In 2020 PT Garudafood Putra Putri Jaya, Tbk. Did a Takeover (Take Over) to PT Mulia Boga Raya, Tbk.
Civil Legal Handling of Electronic Transactions Mira A. Zhumadilova; Yerkin Sh. Dussipov; Gulnar I. Arginbekova ...
Revista de direito, estado e telecomunicações,
05/2023, Volume:
15, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Purpose The purpose of the article is to consider the issue of civil law regulation of electronic transactions in many countries. Methodology/Approach/Design The authors used the dialectical method ...of cognition of social and legal phenomena and general scientific research methods, such as analysis, synthesis, a systematic approach. Findings General features of legal regulation of electronic transactions were explained. The relevance of electronic transactions is shown on the example of regulatory legal acts in this field in Kazakhstan. Advantages and disadvantages of digitalization in the field of electronic transactions were analysed. Special attention was paid to current realities of electronic transactions and electronic tendering during a pandemic. It was concluded that the advent of digital opportunities simplifies a life greatly, but since these relations are not directly regulated by the laws of several countries, great risks are created. And the adoption of new standards will reduce risks in terms of the circulation of digital rights, the purchase of financial assets and the use of new means of payment.
•Model optimizes energy storage tender car configuration in freight trains.•Energy storage rail cars help overcome range limitations,•The optimal number of energy storage tender cars varies by market ...and commodity.•Tool allows railroads to evaluate decarbonization pathway via electric battery locomotives.
To support planning of alternative fuel technology (e.g., battery-electric locomotives) deployment for decarbonizing non-electrified freight rail, we develop a convex optimization formulation with a closed-form solution to determine the optimal number of energy storage tender cars in a train. The formulation shares a similar structure to an Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model. For given market characteristics, cost forecasts, and technology parameters, our model captures the trade-offs between inventory carrying costs associated with trip times (including delays due to charging/refueling) and ordering costs associated with train dispatch and operation (energy, amortized equipment, and labor costs).
To illustrate the framework, we find the optimal number of battery-electric energy tender cars in 22,501 freight markets (origin–destination pairs and commodities) for U.S. Class I railroads. The results display heterogeneity in optimal configurations with lighter, yet more time-sensitive shipments (e.g., intermodal) utilizing more battery tender cars. For heavier commodities (e.g., coal) with lower holding costs, single battery tender car configurations are generally optimal. The results also show that the optimal train configurations are sensitive to delays associated with recharging or swapping tender cars.
Abstract
Projekte, die mit öffentlichen Mitteln gefördert werden, unterliegen regelmäßig dem formalen Vergaberecht, den Vorschriften zu Beschaffungen der öffentlichen Hand. Auf den ersten Blick ...scheinen das formale Regelwerk und die Innovation – in diesem Fall die Errichtung des Carbonbetonhauses CUBE – im Widerspruch zu stehen. Das Vergaberecht kennt jedoch ausreichend Ausnahmetatbestände, die unter Beachtung der vergaberechtlichen Grundsätze wie Gleichbehandlung, Transparenz oder Verhältnismäßigkeit ein flexibles Vergabeverfahren ermöglichen. Im Bericht wird beschrieben, wie das Verfahren organisiert wurde, welche Zwischenschritte, Schwierigkeiten und Änderungen vorgenommen wurden und wie es letztendlich erfolgreich abgeschlossen werden konnte. Entscheidend für diesen Erfolg waren die enge, transparente und zuführende Zusammenarbeit aller Beteiligten sowie die Bereitschaft, den Prozess wiederholt an den erforderlichen Leistungsumfang, die Baumethodik sowie den bautechnologischen und zeitlichen Ablauf anzupassen.
Abstract
Innovation and public procurement law – a contradiction?
Projects that receive public funding are regularly subject to formal procurement law, the regulations on public procurement. At first glance, the formal regulations and an innovation – in this case the erection of the carbon reinforced concrete building CUBE – seem to be in conflict. However, there are sufficient exceptions in public procurement law that allow for a flexible award procedure while observing the principles of public procurement law, such as equal treatment, transparency or proportionality. The article describes how the procedure was organized, what intermediate steps, difficulties and changes were made and how the procedure was ultimately successfully concluded. Decisive for this success was the close, transparent, and leading cooperation of all parties involved, as well as the willingness to repeatedly adapt the process to the required scope of services, the construction methodology, and the construction technology and time schedule.
Ptychographic coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) allows the visualization of both the structure and chemical state of materials on the nanoscale, and has been developed for use in the soft and hard ...X‐ray regions. In this study, a ptychographic CDI system with pinhole or Fresnel zone‐plate optics for use in the tender X‐ray region (2–5 keV) was developed on beamline BL27SU at SPring‐8, in which high‐precision pinholes optimized for the tender energy range were used to obtain diffraction intensity patterns with a low background, and a temperature stabilization system was developed to reduce the drift of the sample position. A ptychography measurement of a 200 nm thick tantalum test chart was performed at an incident X‐ray energy of 2.500 keV, and the phase image of the test chart was successfully reconstructed with approximately 50 nm resolution. As an application to practical materials, a sulfur polymer material was measured in the range of 2.465 to 2.500 keV including the sulfur K absorption edge, and the phase and absorption images were successfully reconstructed and the nanoscale absorption/phase spectra were derived from images at multiple energies. In 3 GeV synchrotron radiation facilities with a low‐emittance storage ring, the use of the present system will allow the visualization on the nanoscale of the chemical states of various light elements that play important roles in materials science, biology and environmental science.
A ptychographic coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) system with pinhole or Fresnel zone‐plate optics for use in the tender X‐ray region (2–5 keV) has been developed on the BL27SU beamline at SPring‐8. A resolution of approximately 50 nm was achieved in ptychographic CDI of a 200 nm thick Ta test chart, and a sulfur polymer material was successfully observed.
•Australia has trialled nearly 100 tenders for biodiversity protection.•We review the tenders to determine patterns and key lessons.•Tenders are robust and more cost-effective than grant ...mechanisms.•Large variations in metric design, some variation in auction design.•Use of tenders has focused in one state, and declined from 2010.•Reasons for decline do not relate to economic and design limitations.
Over the past 15 years Australia has been trialling conservation tenders and other market based instrument approaches to generate environmental outcomes, particularly on private lands. The best known of these is the BushTender auction for vegetation protection in Victoria, begun in the early 2000s. Subsequently, nearly 100 other tenders for biodiversity protection have been run in Australia with substantial variations in application and methodology generated by a mix of both intended design and case study differences. The number of separate conservation tenders that have been performed, and the variations in environmental targets, state jurisdictions, case study circumstances, design and implementation, provides a rich data base of projects for analysis – unique at the international level.
The review section of the paper covers three broad areas. The first aim is to provide an overview of the various tenders and their history and design in different settings. The second is to review their application, particularly in relation to auction design, metric design and contract design aspects, while the third is to identify the extent to which tenders provided more cost-effective outcomes than alternatives such a fixed rate grants. An additional goal is to explain why, after so many trials, conservation tenders are not more widely used in Australia. Key conclusions are that the multiple trials show that tenders are robust, relatively simple to apply and deliver more cost-effective allocations of public funding than other grant mechanisms. The reasons for their limited use can be related more to political and bureaucratic forces and inertia rather than to economic and design limitations.
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