The tomato processing industry strives to maximize product yield, keep energy costs and waste effluents to a minimum while maintaining high product quality. Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) processing ...increases plant cell permeability through electroporation and could be applied in tomato processing to facilitate peeling, increase juice yields and enhance valorization of tomato waste. PEF was applied to three different steps, of industrial tomato processing. In the first step, different PEF treatments (0.5–1.5 kV/cm, 0–8000 pulses, 15 μs pulse width) applied to whole tomatoes improved peeling, reducing the work required for peel detachment up to 72.3%. In the second step, PEF (0.5–2.5 kV/cm, 0–4000, pulses, 15 μs pulse width) applied to chopped tomatoes, increased tomato juice yield up to 20.5%. PEF was also applied to the residues of the first juicing step comprising seeds, peels and a fraction of tomato flesh, to further increase juice yield with the overall yield reaching 90.2%. In the third step the effects of PEF on the extraction of high added value compounds from juicing residues were studied. Carotenoid extraction yield increased up to 56.4%. Lycopene extraction increased from 9.84 mg lycopene/100 g to 14.31 mg/100 g tomato residue for a PEF treatment at 1.0 kV/cm for 7.5 ms. The concentration of extracted total phenolic compounds doubled (56.16 mg gallic acid/kg) with a 2 kV/cm, 700 pulses treatment. The increased antioxidant capacity was correlated to carotenoid concentration. Overall, targeted PEF pretreatments incorporated to industrial tomato processing lead to decreased energy demand and increased productivity.
•PEF treatment led to decreased peel detachment work by 72.3%, without deteriorating the final firmness of the tomatoes.•The highest tomato juice yield achieved was 20.5% higher compared to untreated sample after PEF processing.•PEF at 5 kV/cm improved the carotenoid extraction (14.31 mg lycopene/100 g tomato waste) by 56.4%.•The extraction of phenolic compounds doubled (56.16 mg GA/kg) for PEF conditions 2 kV/cm and 700 pulses from tomato waste.•Cell disintegration index is a reliable measure which can be correlated with all aspects studied in the present work.
Florida is the largest producer of fresh-market tomatoes in the United States. Production areas are typically intensively managed with high inputs of fertilizer and irrigation. The objectives of this ...3-year field study were to evaluate the interaction between N-fertilizer rates and irrigation scheduling on yield, irrigation water use efficiency (iWUE) and root distribution of tomato cultivated in a plastic mulched/drip irrigated production systems. Experimental treatments included three irrigation scheduling regimes and three N-rates (176, 220 and 230
kg
ha
−1). Irrigation treatments included were: (1) SUR (surface drip irrigation) both irrigation and fertigation line placed right underneath the plastic mulch; (2) SDI (subsurface drip irrigation) where the irrigation line was placed 0.15
m below the fertigation line which was located on top of the bed; and (3) TIME (conventional control) with irrigation and fertigation lines placed as in SUR and irrigation being applied once a day. Except for the “TIME” treatment all irrigation treatments were controlled by soil moisture sensor (SMS)-based irrigation set at 10% volumetric water content which was allotted five irrigation windows daily and bypassed events
if the soil water content exceeded the established threshold. Average marketable fruit yields were 28, 56 and 79
Mg
ha
−1 for years 1–3, respectively. The SUR treatment required 15–51% less irrigation water when compared to TIME treatments, while the reductions in irrigation water use for SDI were 7–29%. Tomato yield was 11–80% higher for the SUR and SDI treatments than TIME where as N-rate did not affect yield. Root concentration was greatest in the vicinity of the irrigation and fertigation drip lines for all irrigation treatments. At the beginning of reproductive phase about 70–75% of the total root length density (RLD) was concentrated in the 0–15
cm soil layer while 15–20% of the roots were found in the 15–30
cm layer. Corresponding RLD distribution values during the reproductive phase were 68% and 22%, respectively. Root distribution in the soil profile thus appears to be mainly driven by development stage, soil moisture and nutrient availability. It is concluded that use of SDI and SMS-based systems consistently increased tomato yields while greatly improving irrigation water use efficiency and thereby reduced both irrigation water use and potential N leaching.
Resistances to begomoviruses, including bipartite tomato mottle virus and monopartite tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), have been introgressed to cultivated tomato (
Solanum lycopersicum
) from ...wild tomato accessions. A major gene,
Ty
-
2
from
S. habrochaites
f.
glabratum
accession “B6013
,”
that confers resistance to TYLCV was previously mapped to a 19-cM region on the long arm of chromosome 11. In the present study, approximately 11,000 plants were screened and nearly 157 recombination events were identified between the flanking markers C2_At1g07960 (82.5 cM, physical distance 51.387 Mb) and T0302 (89 cM, 51.878 Mb). Molecular marker analysis of recombinants and TYLCV evaluation of progeny from these recombinants localized
Ty
-
2
to an approximately 300,000-bp interval between markers UP8 (51.344 Mb) and M1 (51.645 Mb). No recombinants were identified between TG36 and C2_At3g52090, a region of at least 115 kb, indicating severe recombination suppression in this region. Due to the small interval, fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis failed to clarify whether recombination suppression is caused by chromosomal rearrangements. Candidate genes predicted based on tomato genome annotation were analyzed by RT-PCR and virus-induced gene silencing. Results indicate that the NBS gene family present in the
Ty
-
2
region is likely not responsible for the
Ty
-
2
-conferred resistance and that two candidate genes might play a role in the
Ty
-
2
-conferred resistance. Several markers very tightly linked to the
Ty
-
2
locus are presented and useful for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs to introgress
Ty
-
2
for begomovirus resistance.
Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) is one of the most devastating viral diseases affecting tomato crops in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the world. Here, we focus on the ...interactions through recombination between the different begomovirus species causing TYLCD, provide an overview of the interactions with the cellular genes involved in viral replication, and highlight recent progress on the relationships between these viruses and their vector, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. The tomato yellow leaf curl virus-like viruses (TYLCVs) are a complex of begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) including 10 accepted species: Tomato yellow leaf curl Axarquia virus (TYLCAxV), Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Guangdong virus (TYLCGuV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (TYLCIDV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus (TYLVKaV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Malaga virus (TYLCMalV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Mali virus (TYLCMLV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (TYLCTHV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Vietnam virus (TYLCVNV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus(TYLCV). We follow the species demarcation criteria of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the most important of which is an 89% nucleotide identity threshold between full-length DNA-A component nucleotide sequences for begomovirus species. Strains of a species are defined by a 93% nucleotide identity threshold. The primary host of TYLCVs is tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), but they can also naturally infect other crops common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum), chilli pepper (C. chinense) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), a number of ornamentals petunia (Petuniaxhybrida) and lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflora), as well as common weeds (Solanum nigrum and Datura stramonium). TYLCVs also infect the experimental host Nicotiana benthamiana. Infected tomato plants are stunted or dwarfed, with leaflets rolled upwards and inwards; young leaves are slightly chlorotic; in recently infected plants, fruits might not be produced or, if produced, are small and unmarketable. In common bean, some TYLCVs produce the bean leaf crumple disease, with thickening, epinasty, crumpling, blade reduction and upward curling of leaves, as well as abnormal shoot proliferation and internode reduction; the very small leaves result in a bushy appearance.
CRISPR/Cas systems confer molecular immunity against phages and conjugative plasmids in prokaryotes. Recently, CRISPR/Cas9 systems have been used to confer interference against eukaryotic viruses. ...Here, we engineered Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants with the CRISPR/Cas9 system to confer immunity against the Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Targeting the TYLCV genome with Cas9-single guide RNA at the sequences encoding the coat protein (CP) or replicase (Rep) resulted in efficient virus interference, as evidenced by low accumulation of the TYLCV DNA genome in the transgenic plants. The CRISPR/Cas9-based immunity remained active across multiple generations in the N. benthamiana and tomato plants. Together, our results confirmed the efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for stable engineering of TYLCV resistance in N. benthamiana and tomato, and opens the possibilities of engineering virus resistance against single and multiple infectious viruses in other crops.
expanded tomato fruit volatile landscape Rambla, José L; Tikunov, Yury M; Monforte, Antonio J ...
Journal of experimental botany,
08/2014, Volume:
65, Issue:
16
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
A tomato fruit volatile review is presented which addresses updated biosynthesis pathways, control of emission by conjugation and hydrolysis, and discussion about the difficulties in and ...opportunities for breeding better tasting tomatoes.
This research investigated the effects of the size and concentration of diced tomato particles in tomato sauce on the performance of pulsed ohmic heating (POH). Samples were prepared by adding 5 and ...10 g of tomato particles (square shapes with sides of 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 mm) to 20 and 15 g of tomato sauces, and tomato sauce without particles was used as the control group. As the size and concentration of tomato particles increased, the passage of electric current was hindered, resulting in a decrease in electrical conductivity and consequently a deceleration in the heating rate of POH. Through infrared camera image analysis, it was determined that tomato particles formed cold areas in the tomato sauce, inhibiting uniform heating of POH. Because particles reduced efficiency of POH, there was an inverse relationship between the size and content of particles and the reduction of pathogens. At 20% tomato particles, the reduction levels of Escherichia coli O157:H7 were 1.60, 1.85, 2.12, 2.28, and 3.07 log CFU/ml for tomato sauces with particle sizes of 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 mm and without particles, respectively. When the size of the tomato particles was the same, increasing the particle concentration in the sauce from 20 to 40% resulted in an average reduction of 0.47 in the inactivation levels of E. coli O157:H7 by POH. Therefore, the size and concentration of particles dispersed in food should be contemplated when designing a POH process to inactivate harmful bacteria in food.
•The effect of tomato particle size and concentration in sauce on the efficacy of pulsed ohmic heating (POH) was examined.•The electrical conductivity of the sample decreased with increasing particle size and concentration.•Tomato particles adversely affected the heating rate and uniformity of POH.•Tomato particles in the sauce reduced the efficacy of bacterial inactivation of POH.•This study provides guidelines on the industrial application of POH based on particle properties.
Research has suggested that lycopene may be metabolized by eccentric cleavage, catalyzed by β-carotene oxygenase 2, resulting in the generation of apo-lycopenals. Apo-6′-lycopenal and ...apo-8′-lycopenal have been reported previously in raw tomato. We now show that several other apo-lycopenals are also present in raw and processed foods, as well as in human plasma. Apo-lycopenal standards were prepared by in vitro oxidation of lycopene, and a high-performance liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in negative mode was developed to separate and detect the apo-6′-, apo-8′-, apo-10′-, apo-12′-, apo-14′-, and apo-15′-lycopenal products formed in the reaction. Hexane/acetone extracts of raw tomato, red grapefruit, watermelon, and processed tomato products were analyzed, as well as plasma of individuals who had consumed tomato juice for 8 weeks. Apo-6′-, apo-8′-, apo-10′-, apo-12′-, and apo-14′-lycopenals were detected and quantified in all food products tested, as well as plasma. The sum of apo-lycopenals was 6.5 μg/100 g Roma tomato, 73.4 μg/100 g tomato paste, and 1.9 nmol/L plasma. We conclude that several apo-lycopenals, in addition to apo-6′- and -8′-lycopenal, are present in lycopene-containing foods. In addition, the presence of apo-lycopenals in plasma may derive from the absorption of apo-lycopenals directly from food and/or human metabolism.
A lower concentration of cadmium (Cd), a hazardous and non-essential element for plant growth, will have deleterious effects on plants and endanger human health. Histone demethylase (JHDM) is ...important for plants' ability to withstand abiotic stress, according to an increasing number of studies. The degree of expression of the SlJMJ18 and SlJMJ23 genes in different tomato tissues was confirmed by this study. These two genes were responsive to the heavy metals Cd, Hg, Pb, and Cu stress, according to fluorescence quantification and GUS staining. Interestingly, the overexpression transgenic Arabidopsis plants of two genes have different responses to Cd stress. While SlJMJ18-OE lines consistently display Cd resistance but an early-flowering phenotype, SlJMJ23-OE plants have sensitivity during the post-germination stage and then greater tolerance to Cd stress. It was discovered that these two genes may affect cadmium tolerance of plants by regulating the expression of hormone synthesis related genes and hormone contents (BRs and ABA). Moreover, SlJMJ23 may resist cadmium stress by increasing the total phenol content in plants. The functional significance of JMJs is better understood in this study, which also offers a theoretical foundation for the use of molecular technology to develop plants resistant to Cd and an experimental basis for the efficient use of land resources.
Display omitted
•The responses of transgenic Arabidopsis plants that overexpress SlJMJ18 and SlJMJ23 genes to Cd stress differ.•By controlling the contents of BRs and ABA, SlJMJ18 and SlJMJ23 may have an impact on plants' ability to tolerate cadmium.•By raising the plant's total phenol content, SlJMJ23 may be able to withstand stress brought on by cadmium.
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is an emerging and rapidly spreading RNA virus that infects tomato and pepper, with tomato as the primary host. The virus causes severe crop losses and ...threatens tomato production worldwide. ToBRFV was discovered in greenhouse tomato plants grown in Jordan in spring 2015 and its first outbreak was traced back to 2014 in Israel. To date, the virus has been reported in at least 35 countries across four continents in the world. ToBRFV is transmitted mainly via contaminated seeds and mechanical contact (such as through standard horticultural practices). Given the global nature of the seed production and distribution chain, and ToBRFV's seed transmissibility, the extent of its spread is probably more severe than has been disclosed. ToBRFV can break down genetic resistance to tobamoviruses conferred by R genes Tm‐1, Tm‐2, and Tm‐22 in tomato and L1 and L2 alleles in pepper. Currently, no commercial ToBRFV‐resistant tomato cultivars are available. Integrated pest management‐based measures such as rotation, eradication of infected plants, disinfection of seeds, and chemical treatment of contaminated greenhouses have achieved very limited success. The generation and application of attenuated variants may be a fast and effective approach to protect greenhouse tomato against ToBRFV. Long‐term sustainable control will rely on the development of novel genetic resistance and resistant cultivars, which represents the most effective and environment‐friendly strategy for pathogen control.
Taxonomy
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus belongs to the genus Tobamovirus, in the family Virgaviridae. The genus also includes several economically important viruses such as Tobacco mosaic virus and Tomato mosaic virus.
Genome and virion
The ToBRFV genome is a single‐stranded, positive‐sense RNA of approximately 6.4 kb, encoding four open reading frames. The viral genomic RNA is encapsidated into virions that are rod‐shaped and about 300 nm long and 18 nm in diameter. Tobamovirus virions are considered extremely stable and can survive in plant debris or on seed surfaces for long periods of time.
Disease symptoms
Leaves, particularly young leaves, of tomato plants infected by ToBRFV exhibit mild to severe mosaic symptoms with dark green bulges, narrowness, and deformation. The peduncles and calyces often become necrotic and fail to produce fruit. Yellow blotches, brown or black spots, and rugose wrinkles appear on tomato fruits. In pepper plants, ToBRFV infection results in puckering and yellow mottling on leaves with stunted growth of young seedlings and small yellow to brown rugose dots and necrotic blotches on fruits.
This pathogen profile summarizes current knowledge about ToBRFV, highlights recent research progress, discusses future research directions, and proposes short‐run and long‐term control strategies.
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