This paper is concerned with the input-to-state stabilizing control problem for cyber-physical systems (CPSs) with multiple transmission channels under denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. Under the data ...update policy with bounded update interval, a new control scheme that discards the outdated information is proposed, and the stability analysis of CPSs under DoS attacks is transformed into analyzing the stability of the system under a switched controller with the help of a class of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Then, inspired by the techniques for switched systems, sufficient conditions on the duration and frequency of the DoS attacks, under which the stability of the closed-loop systems is still guaranteed, are proposed. Compared with the existing method for the single-channel case, the considered multiple-channel case is more challenging, and the proposed LMI-based method is more flexible.
•We study medium- and long-run consequences of hurricanes in a large panel dataset.•We find negative long-run effects of tropical storms in our full country sample.•The effects strongly depend on the ...level of development of the afflicted countries.•Especially the low-income countries experience strongly negative growth effects.•We also deliver an analysis of possible channels through which hurricanes affect economic growth.
While the short-term growth consequences of natural disasters are comparatively well studied, little is known about the long-run perspective. Based on truly exogenous storm indicators, derived from a meteorological database, we show that the growth effects of tropical storms go well beyond the short-term perspective. A disaggregated analysis reveals that the reaction of economic growth to the occurrence of hurricanes depends strongly on the level of development of the afflicted countries with developing countries being most negatively affected. We also consider through which channels tropical storms affect long-run growth and find the investment share as well as fertility to react systematically to tropical storms.
The free flow of energy cannot be fully achieved in China's energy market because of incomplete market-oriented reform, resulting in energy allocation distortion, which has hampered carbon emissions ...reduction. However, the extent of energy allocation distortion and its role in carbon emission efficiency remain unexplored. Therefore, this study aims to measure energy allocation distortion and investigate its impact on carbon emission efficiency. For this purpose, first, we derive energy allocation distortion based on a production function and carbon emission efficiency using a meta-frontier non-radial Malmquist index. To effectively address the endogeneity issue, we use a generalized method of moments model to estimate the impact of energy allocation distortion on carbon emission efficiency. Second, we further explore the distortionary mechanism of carbon emission efficiency associated with energy allocation and analyze the asymmetric effect of energy allocation distortion on carbon emission efficiency. The results show a certain degree of energy allocation distortion throughout the country, and disparity exists among different regions. The average value of carbon emission efficiency in the eastern region is 1.0286, well ahead of the national average, demonstrating better performance than other regions. Energy allocation distortion negatively affects carbon emission efficiency, with a 1% increase in energy allocation distortion leading to a 0.251% decrease in carbon emission efficiency. Technological progress, the structure of energy consumption, and industrial structure are important transmission channels through which energy allocation affects carbon emission efficiency. The study contributes to uncovering regional energy allocation distortion and its impacts on carbon emission efficiency and providing strategic policy recommendations for improving energy allocation efficiency.
•We calculate the degree of energy allocation distortion.•Energy allocation distortion exhibits disparities across regions in China.•Energy allocation distortion negatively affects carbon emission efficiency.•Important mediators through which energy allocation affects CEE are identified.•Energy allocation’s asymmetric effect on carbon emission efficiency is examined.
This paper studies the problem of dynamic event-triggered control in multi-channel cyber–physical systems subject to denial-of-service attacks, and the attacks are independent and asynchronous in ...different channels. A switching scheme is proposed to address the complexity of multi-channel network attacks, under which the sufficient conditions for closed-loop stability of the systems are obtained. Additionally, considering the different decay rates caused by the switching logic, an equivalent decay rates method, which reveals the relationship between the tolerable attack intensity and the dynamic event-triggering parameters, is proposed. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the dynamic event-triggered strategy outperforms the traditional static approaches in terms of saving communication resources, which is also verified by a simulation example.
This paper examines the effect of sovereign credit rating change announcements on the CDS spreads of the event countries, and their spillover effects on other emerging economies’ CDS premiums. We ...find that positive events have a greater impact on CDS markets in the two-day period surrounding the event, and are more likely to spill over to other emerging countries. Alternatively, CDS markets anticipate negative events, and previous changes in CDS premiums can be used to estimate the probability of a negative credit event. The transmission mechanisms for positive events are the common creditor and competition in trade markets.
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•The perylene diimide (PDI) connected with barbituric acid through was prepared by the self-assembly method.•The local weak hydrogen bond-induced dipole–dipole interactions.•The local ...weak hydrogen boosts the excitons dissociation and charge transfer.•The unique electronic structure facilitates the transfer of polarity to the reactive molecule.
Functionalizing organic polymers is an effective strategy for enhancing their photocatalytic performance. However, this approach is currently limited by specific motifs, complex preparation methods, and an unclear electron transfer mechanism. Here, we present a meticulously designed structure of perylene diimide connected with poly (barbituric acid trimer) through self-assembled hydrogen bonding. In particular, the local chemical environment of the two components is adjusted by hydrogen bond-induced dipole–dipole interactions, leading to the emergence of a significant inherent electric field. Additionally, the formation of hydrogen bonds provides electronic pathways that facilitate charge transfer from perylene to adjacent units. Moreover, the distinctive electronic structure enhances polarity transfer and improves activation and adsorption capabilities for reactive molecules. Ultimately, B-PDI exhibits outstanding oxidation rates for benzylamine to N-benzylidene-benzylamine (10.03 mmol g-1h-1) and selectivity (>99.99 %). Our work offers a widely popular approach for enhancing the photocatalytic activity of organic semiconductor materials by constructing hydrogen bonds in heterogeneous molecules.
•A wind-photovoltaic-thermal energy storage hybrid system with an electric heater is proposed.•The proposed system provides a new way to reform conventional small-scale thermal power ...plant.•Probability of exceeding is introduced to modify the model and improve the simulation accuracy.•Optimized objectives are levelized cost of energy and utilization rate of transmission channels.•Multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to obtain the Pareto front and final results.
This paper proposes a wind-photovoltaic-thermal energy storage hybrid power system with an electric heater, which adopts the idea of concentrated solar power plant but omits the expensive solar field, and utilizes the reformed power block from conventional small-scale thermal power plant. From the perspective of thermal power plant reconstruction, the hybrid system aims to minimize the levelized cost of energy and maximize the utilization rate of transmission channels. The capacity optimization is solved by multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm. Final optimal capacity is obtained by the Pareto front and decision-making method. Moreover, the probability of exceeding is introduced to correct the theoretical power output calculated by mathematical models and improve the practicality of simulation. Finally, by comparing wind-photovoltaic-thermal energy storage system, wind-photovoltaic-battery system and wind-photovoltaic system, it can be concluded that the proposed system effectively increases the utilization rate of transmission channels and presents a better reliability and economy performance.
This study investigates the effects of infrastructure development on African global value chain (GVC) participation. Infrastructure development is proxied by a composite index which encompasses ICT, ...transport network, electricity and water supply while considering both the backward and the forward dimensions of GVCs. Findings from the Discroll-Kraay and system Generalised Method of Moments reveal that infrastructure development promotes African participation in GVCs for both up and down streams. These results are robust across different types of infrastructures and income groups. The transmission mechanisms with the interaction between infrastructure indicators, human capital, foreign direct investments (FDI), and governance procure negative synergy effects for electricity, transport and water supply and positive synergy effects for ICT. Both positive and negative net effects emerge but are nullified at respective governance, human capital and FDI thresholds. Based on the results obtained, practical policy implications are discussed.
Although the wireless charging system (WCS) achieves flexible power transmission, high system operating performance needs strong anti-misalignment capability and excellent charging controllability. ...Hence, this article proposes a mistuned WCS that features dual transmission channels using half-bridge inverters, magnetic flux controlled inductors (MFCIs), magnetic couplers with hybrid coils (HMCs), and the series-series compensation. Then, high misalignment tolerance and high-efficient constant power (CP) charging are achieved. First, the interrelation among the mutual inductance, adjustable inductance, load resistance, charging power, and system efficiency is analyzed based on the optimally designed system structure. Second, the circuit structure and working principle of the MFCI are illustrated. Third, the anti-misalignment capability of the optimized HMC is verified by analyzing its coupling characteristics. Then, the relative spatial position between the two HMCs is determined to ensure the negligible cross-coupling influence. In addition, the closed-loop controller's working principle and design method is analyzed to achieve high-efficient and high-controllable CP charging within a wide range of misalignment distance and load resistance. Finally, the experimental results validate the feasibility of the proposed WCS. For CP charging of 150 W, x - and y -direction misalignment ranges reach ±95% and ±47%, and system efficiency exceeds 90%, superior to the commonly used anti-misalignment methods.
