Polymer‐based solid‐state batteries (SSBs) have received increasing attentions due to the absence of interfacial problems in sulfide/oxide‐type SSBs, but the lower oxidation potential of ...polymer‐based electrolytes greatly limits the application of conventional high‐voltage cathode such as LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) and lithium‐rich NCM. Herein, this study reports on a lithium‐free V2O5 cathode that enables the applications of polymer‐based solid‐state electrolyte (SSE) with high energy density due to the microstructured transport channels and suitable operational voltage. Using a synergistic combination of structural inspection and non‐destructive X‐ray computed tomography (X‐CT), it interprets the chemo–mechanical behavior that determines the electrochemical performance of the V2O5 cathode. Through detailed kinetic analyses such as differential capacity and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT), it is elucidated that the hierarchical V2O5 constructed through microstructural engineering exhibits smaller electrochemical polarization and faster Li‐ion diffusion rates in polymer‐based SSBs than those in the liquid lithium batteries (LLBs). By the hierarchical ion transport channels created by the nanoparticles against each other, superior cycling stability (≈91.7% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 1 C) is achieved at 60 °C in polyoxyethylene (PEO)‐based SSBs. The results highlight the crucial role of microstructure engineering in designing Li‐free cathodes for polymer‐based SSBs.
Li‐free cathode, V2O5, is engineered to be used for polymer‐based solid‐state batteries (SSBs) and realizes high energy density, due to the heterogeneous transmission channel and suitable operational voltage. Using nanoindentation/scratch testing and 3D roughness reconstruction, microstructural characteristics of the solid electrolytes are intuitively observed. Rapid Li‐ion diffusion in SSBs is explicitly studied through dynamically qualitative and quantitative measurement.
This paper proposes a consensus secure control scheme in the presence of denial-of-service (DoS) attacks based on an event-trigger mechanism. In contrast to a scenario in which attacks are the same ...and simultaneously paralyze all channels, the DoS attack addressed in this paper occurs aperiodically and results in the independent interruption of multiple transmission channels. A sufficient condition for the attack duration is designed and a distributed event-triggered control scheme is proposed, where the updated instants are triggered aperiodically to reduce the required communication resources. It is shown that the overall system is stable with the proposed scheme according to the Lyapunov stability theory and that Zeno behavior is excluded. Finally, a numerical example is presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
With the increasing openness of the Chinese economy, Chinese financial markets are becoming more integrated with those in developed markets. The goal of this paper is to comprehensively investigate ...the spillovers and spillbacks in stock, bond, and foreign exchange markets between China and the G7 countries using data from 2000 to 2018. Four important findings emerge: (1) financial spillovers account for a large proportion of the variations in bond, stock, and foreign exchange markets, indicating that the international spillover effect has become an important driver of asset prices; (2) Chinese financial markets have a growing impact on global financial markets over time, especially during periods of turbulence; (3) spillovers from the G7 to China are still higher than the spillbacks from China, suggesting that Chinese markets are more influenced by the financial markets in the G7 economies than the other way around; (4) economic policy uncertainty is the main driver of cross-border financial spillovers. Our findings have important implications for policy makers who aim to promote international macroprudential policy coordination.
•We investigate financial spillovers and spillbacks between China and the G7 economies.•We identify the transmission channels of financial spillovers and spillbacks.•Financial spillovers account for a large proportion of variation in asset prices.•Chinese financial markets have a growing impact on global financial markets over time.•Economic policy uncertainty is the main driver of cross-border financial spillovers.
The dawn of chemical neuroanatomy in the CNS came with the discovery and mapping of the central dopamine, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons by means of transmitter histochemistry using ...the Falck-Hillarp formaldehyde fluorescence technique in the early 1960s. Our mapping of the central monoamine neurons was continued and further established with tyrosine hydroxylase, dopa decarboxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunohistochemistry in collaboration with Menek Goldstein and Tomas Hökfelt. During recent years an evolutionary constraint in the nuclear parcellation of the DA, NA and 5-HT neurons was demonstrated in the order Rodentia and other mammals. The abundant existence of global monoamine varicose nerve terminal networks synthesizing, storing and releasing monoamines in various parts of the CNS, including the release of DA by tubero-infundibular DA neurons as a prolactin inhibitory factor from the external layer of the median eminence into the portal vessels and the appearance of extraneuronal DA fluorescence after, e.g., treatment with amphetamine in nialamide pretreated rats (Falck-Hillarp technique) were also remarkable observations. These observations and others like the discovery of transmitter-receptor mismatches opened up the possibility that monoamines were modulating the wired brain, built up mainly by glutamate and GABA neurons, through diffusion and flow in the extracellular fluid of the extracellular space and in the CSF. This transmission also involved long-distance channels along myelinated fibers and blood vessels and was called volume transmission (VT). The extracellular space (ECS), filled with a 3D matrix, plays a fundamental role in this communication. Energy gradients for signal migration in the ECS are produced via concentration, temperature and pressure gradients, the latter two allowing a flow of the ECF and CSF carrying the VT signals. The differential properties of the wiring transmission (WT) and VT circuits and communication channels will be discussed as well as the role of neurosteroids and oxytocin receptors in volume transmission leading to a new understanding of the integrative actions of neuronal-glial networks. The role of tunneling nanotubes with mitochondrial transfer in CNS inter alia as part of neuron-glia interactions will also be introduced representing a novel type of wiring transmission. The impact of the technicolour approach to the connectome for the future characterization of the wired networks of the brain is emphasized.
Many transmission channels of monetary policy have been proposed to enrich and deepen the understanding of its mechanisms. However, some channels have not been clarified, particularly for those ...unconventional quantitative policies implemented after 2008 financial crisis. In this paper, we develop a unified model of a credit economy where bank regulations and decisions and loanable funds market are placed at a central position, while stocks and flows are incorporated with each other to formulate banks' credit creation and circulation. We find that bank regulations can induce some new channels of monetary transmission by imposing credit constraints, including the new bank capital channel, the credit supply channel, the new bank balance sheet channel, and the new bank risk-taking channel. Comparing these channels with the traditional ones, we underscore the impact of bank regulations on monetary transmission. As aggregate demand can be decomposed into two monetary flows generated by money circulation and bank lending respectively, the direct channels of monetary transmission to aggregate demand can be renewed as follows: the money channel, the narrow money circulation channel, the new bank lending channel, and the repayment channel. In addition, based on the relevant data from the United States, we have conducted vector autoregressive (VAR) impulse response analysis to confirm the effectiveness of some direct channels. Our work not only aids in revisiting the monetary transmission from a credit view but also facilitates the assessment of efficiency of monetary policy.
While the short-term growth consequences of natural disasters are comparatively well studied, little is known about the long-run perspective. Based on truly exogenous storm indicators, derived from a ...meteorological database, we show that the growth effects of tropical storms go well beyond the short-term perspective. A disaggregated analysis reveals that the reaction of economic growth to the occurrence of hurricanes depends strongly on the level of development of the afflicted countries with developing countries being most negatively affected. We also consider through which channels tropical storms affect long-run growth and find the investment share as well as fertility to react systematically to tropical storms.
We examine the effectiveness of the interest rate channel and the credit channel of monetary policy before and after the zero lower bound (ZLB), using intraday stock returns. We construct a number of ...industry‐specific and firm‐specific indicators to capture the sensitivity of firms' demand to interest rates (interest rate channel) and firms' financial constraints (credit channel). We find that the transmission of monetary policy has shifted across both periods. Conventional monetary policy works through both the neoclassical interest rate channel and the credit channel, while unconventional policy is propagated primarily via the credit channel which became even more effective at the ZLB. Before the ZLB the transmission channels operate primarily through target rate shocks rather than forward guidance announcements, whereas both forward guidance and large scale asset purchases were equally important for the credit channel at the ZLB. We also find strong evidence that transmission channels are asymmetric depending on the state of the stock market (bull/bear, tighter/easier credit conditions, high/low volatility), and the type of policy surprises (positive/negative). Our findings are robust with respect to a number of model extensions and alternative specifications.
It is a common assumption that regions within the same country converge to approximately the same steady-state income levels. The so-called absolute convergence hypothesis focuses on initial income ...levels to account for the variability in income growth among regions. Empirical data seem to support the absolute convergence hypothesis for US states, but the data also show that natural resource abundance is a significant negative determinant of growth. We find that natural resource abundance decreases investment, schooling, openness, and R&D expenditure and increases corruption, and we show that these effects can fully explain the negative effect of natural resource abundance on growth.
Despite significant progress in the empirical analysis of the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on economic growth, previous studies have not empirically examined the ...mechanisms by which ICT hinders or expands economic growth. The specific aim of the present study was to identify the transmission channels through which ICT contributes to economic growth. The examined channels included; openness, FDI inflows, education, domestic investment, political institution, and inflation. The study employed the panel-corrected standard errors (PCSE) and system two step system GMM techniques on a sample of 44 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) over the period 2004–2020. Using an ICT composite index, the causal mediation analysis identified that ICT contributed directly to growth, as proposed by the growth theories. Furthermore, the same analysis identified; domestic investment, openness, and education as crucial variables through which ICT penetration indirectly promoted per capita growth in the SSA region. The robustness of this result was verified using a variety of tools. The present findings suggested that the current efforts to expand ICTs in Sub-Saharan Africa should be continued since this sector has a considerable indirect impact on promoting economic growth.
•Existing studies have overlooked the importance of the channels through which ICT may affect per capita GDP growth.•The specific aim of the present study was to identify the transmission channels through which information and communication technology (ICT) contributes to economic growth.•The study employed the panel-corrected standard errors (PCSE) and system GMM techniques on a sample of 44 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) over the period 2004–2020.•The causal mediation analysis identified domestic investment, openness, and education as crucial variables through which ICT penetration indirectly promoted per capita growth in the SSA region.•The robustness of this result was verified using a variety of tools.
Abstract
The traditional sculptures are all from the artist’s careful carving, which is also the artistic presentation. With the rapid development of computer technology, digital technology has been ...applied to art landscape sculpture. Through RPM technology and 3D printing technology, we can rapidly shape and mass produce art landscape sculpture. Through computer aided technology, RPM technology and 3D printing technology, we can save the labor cost and mold opening cost of traditional sculpture, which shortens the production cycle and improves the precision and structure of sculpture. At the same time, we can also develop personalized sculpture, which has seriously impacted the traditional sculpture industry. Computer aided design is in line with the digital age of new technical concepts, which has become the main means of landscape sculpture creation. Through computer software, designers can complete the virtual sculpture design intention and intention. Through the generation of VR, manufacturers can better communicate with customers, which makes up for the shortcomings of traditional sculpture in construction. Firstly, this paper analyzes the related concepts. Then, this paper puts forward the necessity of applying computer aided technology to modern landscape sculpture. Finally, some applications are proposed.
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