Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je konstruirati Upitnik spremnosti za školu. Ispitali smo metrijske karakteristike Upitnika spremnosti za školu. Ispitali smo namjerni uzorak od 89 djece, koja pohađaju ...dječji vrtić u Zagrebu. Na temelju faktorske analize, reducirali smo broj čestica od 50 na 31. Rezultati indiciraju uglavnom nisku povezanost skala
upitnika s Testom spremnosti za školu (TSŠ). Pouzdanost skala je zadovoljavajuća, a diskriminativna vrijednost niska, odnosno može se reći da su čestice upitnika prelagane za ovaj uzorak ispitanika. Usporedbom rezultata djevojčica i dječaka, pokazalo se da se djeca različitog spola ne razlikuju statistički značajno prema rezultatu u skalama Socio-emocionalni razvoj i Kognitivni razvoj, dok se kod skala Tjelesni razvoj i motorika i Pažnja i znatiželja pokazalo da su djevojčice statistički značajno uspješnije od dječaka. Ove nalaze smo protumačili rodnom pristranošću ove skale. Rezultati djece na skali Tjelesni razvoj i motorika te dvjema skalama kognitivnog razvoja statistički značajno se ne razlikuju, s obzirom na obrazovni status majke i oca. Na skali Socio-emocionalni razvoj, djeca očeva nižeg i srednjeg obrazovnog statusa postižu statistički značajno bolji rezultat
u odnosu na djecu očeva višeg obrazovnog statusa. Korelacije međutim pokazuju da je povezanost između stručne spreme roditelja i svih područja razvoja djeteta procijenjenih upitnikom praktički nulta.
U današnjemu globalnome svijetu važnost točnih, pouzdanih i usporedivih mjernih rezultata od vitalnog je značaja. Stoga i norme koje propisuju zahtjeve na rad laboratorija (ISO/IEC 17025, ISO 15189) ...traže mjeriteljski pristup procesu mjerenja, zahtijevajući validaciju metoda, osiguranje mjeriteljske sljedivosti, poznavanje mjerne nesigurnosti, praćenje trendova u mjernim procesima i sl.
Donošenje ispravne odluke je li neki mjerni postupak prikladan za određenu svrhu (validacija), kao i realno procjenjivanje mjernih nesigurnosti rezultata mogući su samo uz dobro poznavanje mjernih postupaka. „Dobrotu" mjernog procesa određuje iznos slučajnih i sustavnih pogrešaka. Eksperimenti koje provodimo u svrhu validacije metode mogu dati dobar uvid u njihovu veličinu, ali i izvore pa stoga mogu poslužiti i pri procjenjivanju mjernih nesigurnosti. Opseg provedenih eksperimenata nadilazi potrebe za sâmu procjenu mjernih nesigurnosti. Njima se želi istražiti ponašanje metode u svim realnim radnim uvjetima, naći joj slabe točke, dokazati usklađeni rad ljudi, razmotriti i dokazati selektivnost ili provjeriti granicu detekcije i sl. Iako neće bitno utjecati na informaciju o točnosti mjerenja, osigurat će pouzdaniji rad, lakše otkrivanje grešaka u radu i veće povjerenje u točnost rezultata.
Županovljeva teorija egalitarnog sindroma (ES) (Županov, 1970) nedavno je operacionalizirana i inicijalno testirana na indikatorima županijske razvijenosti (Štulhofer i Burić, 2015; Burić i ...Štulhofer, 2016). Kako bi odgovorila na pitanje je li razmjerno rašireno prihvaćanje ES kulturalno naslijeđe, kao što je smatrao Županov, ili pak posljedica tranzicijskih troškova, provedena je analiza na županijskoj razini uporabom povijesnih podataka (Vuković, Štulhofer i Burić, 2017), koja je rezultirala većom empirijskom potporom za prvu od dviju teza. U ovome radu autori nastoje provjeriti ranije uvide na mikro razini (sociodemografska obilježja prihvaćanja ES) i makro razini (povezanost županijske razine ES s povijesnim indikatorima razvijenosti) obuhvatnijim i robusnijim statističkim postupcima (višerazinsko regresijsko modeliranje). Osim opisane provjere, koja je potvrdila ranije nalaze, u radu predstavljamo i validaciju kratke mjere ES koja obuhvaća samo pet čestica (SEMA-5), što je čini prikladnom za uporabu u širokom rasponu istraživanja društvenih fenomena.
U ovom članku opisana je prikazana metodologija rješavanja numeričkih simulacija zavarivanja,kao i proveda validacijskih pokusa koji se koriste za provjeru rezultata simulacija te uklanjanje ...pogrešaka u odabranim ulaznim parametrima.
Pokazani su primjeri eksperimenata koji ilustriraju podatke,kao na primjer temperaturni ciklusi,deformacije u izabranim točkama,procjene veličine zone taljenja i ZUT-a,tvrdoća itd.
Rezultati dobiveni u realnim pokusima u različitim granama primjene,uporabljeni su za kalibraciju numeričke simulacije te su postignuti rezultati simulacija koje se dobro podudaraju sa stvarnim proizvodima.
Uz takav pristup i definirane parametre,provjerena i potvrđena numerička simulacija u cijelosti je vjerodostojna te se postižu vrijedni podaci koji mogu unaprijediti proizvodnju,čak i za složene sklopove.
Torasemide is a loop diuretic with actions similar to those of furosemide. Torasemide is used for edema associated with heart failure, including
pulmonary edema, and with renal and hepatic disorders. ...It is also used in the
treatment of hypertension, either alone or with other antihypertensives. It
acts in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle by inhibiting tubular
reapsorption of sodium and chloride and interacting with the
sodium/chloride/potassium co-transport system. In the quality control of
pharmaceutical products identification and quantification of the active
ingredient and its impurities is very important in order to achieve a high
quality of the product, without change in chemical, pharmacological and
toxicological properties. According to ICH guidelines, determination of
impurities present in pharmaceutical dosage forms above 0.1% is necessary. A
new, sensitive and reliable HPLC/UV and HPLC/MS methods for simultaneous
determination of torasemide and its impurities were developed. The complete
chromatographic behavior and optimal chromatographic conditions were
evaluated with the assistance of experimental design. The fractional
factorial design was used for selection of variables which significantly
influence the chromatographic separation of the investigated substances. Full
factorial design was used for optimization of these variables in order to
achieve satisfactory resolution between all investigated substances with the
shortest possible analysis time. Afterwards, both analytical methods were
successfully validated in accordance with ICH guidelines and the
applicability of the proposed methods on the torasemide tablet dosage form
has been demonstrated. As the degradation mechanism of torasemide has been
lacking in the literature, torasemide active pharmaceutical ingredient and
torasemide tablets drug product were subjected to forced degradation studies
in order to identify the potential degradation products and establish the
possible degradation pathways and intrinsic stability of the drug. The study
was performed according to ICH guidelines and samples were exposed to
hydrolysis (acid, base and neutral), oxidation, photolysis and thermal
degradation. To characterize the arisen degradation products, HPLC/UV and HPLC/MSn methods were applied. Using single quadrupole and ion trap mass analyzers, a mass
fragmentation pattern of degradation products was established. The major degradation product which was formed corresponds to degradation product R2. Under the extreme oxidative stress conditions two degradation products were formed and are proposed to be torasemide Noxide and degradation product R2-N-oxide. An integral aim of the study was to postulate possible degradation pathway of the drug in different experimental conditions. Forced degradation studies enabled a development of selective and validated stability-indicating HPLC/UV method. A multicriterion evaluation methodology in combination with experimental design was employed for development and optimization of the method that is intended to be used for stability investigation. Finally, the method was successfully validated in accordance with ICH guidelines and the applicability of the proposed method was tested on the torasemide tablet dosage form.
Torasemid je diuretik Henleove petlje sa sličnim dejstvom kao furosemid.
Koristi se u stanjima edema udruženim sa srčanom bolešću, uključujući i
plućni edem, kao i u slučajevima oboljenja bubrega i jetre. Takoñe se koristi
u tretmanu hipertenzije, samostalno ili u kombinaciji sa drugim
antihipertenzivima. Torasemid ostvaruje dejstvo u uzlaznom, debljem kraku
Henleove petlje inhibirajući tubularnu reapsorpciju natrijuma (Na+) i hlora
(Cl-) ograničavanjem natrijum/hlorid/kalijum prenosnog sistema. U kontroli
kvaliteta farmaceutskih proizvoda testovi identifikacije i određivanja
sadržaja aktivne supstance i nečistoća su veoma važni sa ciljem da se
obezbedi visok kvalitet proizvoda, bez promena u hemijskim, farmakološkim ili
toksikološkim karakteristikama. Prema ICH smernicama, sve nečistoće prisutne
u farmaceutskom doziranom obliku u količini većoj od 0.1% moraju se ispitati.
Za istovremeno određivanje torasemida i njegovih nečistoća razvijene su nove,
osetljive i pouzdane HPLC/UV i HPLC/MS metode. Kompletno hromatografsko
ponašanje ispitivanih supstanci i pronalaženje optimalnih hromatografskih
uslova ostvareno je uz upotrebu eksperimentalnog dizajna. Frakcioni faktorski
dizajn je korišćen za izbor varijabli koji značajno utiču na hromatografsko
razdvajanje. Puni faktorski dizajn je korišćen za optimizaciju tih varijabli
kako bi se postiglo zadovoljavajuće razdvajanje izmeñu ispitivanih supstanci
u najkraćem mogućem vremenu trajanja analize. Nakon toga, obe metode su
uspešno validirane u skladu sa ICH smernicama i primenjene za ispitivanje
farmaceutskog doziranog oblika, torasemid tableta. Kako u literaturi postoji
nedostatak informacija o degradacionom mehanizmu torasemida, to su aktivna
farmaceutska supstanca torasemid i farmaceutski dozirani oblik (torasemid
tablete) podvrgnuti studijama forsirane degradacije sa ciljem da se
identifikuju potencijalni degradacioni proizvodi i ustanovi mogući
degradacioni put i sveukupna stabilnost torasemida. Studija je sprovedena u
skladu sa ICH smernicama, a uzorci su izlagani uslovima hidrolize (kisele,
bazne i neutralne), oksidacije, fotolize i termalne degradacije. Za
karakterizaciju nastalih degradacionih proizvoda primenjene su HPLC/UV i
HPLC/MSn tehnike. Kvadrupolni i jonski trap maseni analizatori su korišćeni
da se ustanovi način fragmentacije degradacionih proizvoda. Glavni degradacioni proizvod koji je dobijen ovim studijama označen je kao degradacioni proizvod R2. Pod ekstremnim uslovima oksidacije dodatno se grade i degradacioni proizvodi okarakterisani kao torasemid N-oksid i R2-N-oksid.
Deo studije bio je i cilj da se predloži verovatni degradacioni put torasemida pod različitim eksperimentalnim uslovima. Studije forsirane
degradacije omogućile su razvoj selektivne, validirane stability-indicating HPLC/UV metode. Razvoj i optimizacija metode koja će se koristiti za ispitivanje stabilnosti torasemida urađena je uz pomoć metodologije multikriterijumskog odlučivanja i eksperimentalnog dizajna. Na kraju, metoda je uspešno validirana u skladu sa ICH smernicama, a primenljivost metode je ispitana na tabletama orasemida.
The pregnant women population represents an important segment of every
society. Although of short duration, pregnancy makes changes in a pregnant
woman’s life and, additionally, in the future life of ...a woman who is becoming
a mother. Medically classified as a physiological condition, the healthy
women pregnancy is, however, normally followed by changes in morphology and
function of many organs and organic systems. Depending on psychological and
physical status as well as living and work conditions, the adaptation to such
changes is different and specific within pregnant women population. The
changes in the quality of life of a pregnant woman inevitably reflect both on
the life of her partner and family members, as well as on her work
environment. It is the fact, that a large number of different factors could
have an impact on the health status and the quality of a pregnant woman’s
life and accordingly, a multidisciplinary approach and application of
different measurement instruments and parameters are needed for the
investigation of this population. Having in view the data from available
literature, it is quite clear that, up to now, not enough attention has been
paid to the assessment of the quality of life of pregnant women population.
There are no available specific measurement instruments for the investigation
of global health-related quality of life (HRQoL) during pregnancy, nor any
comprehensive studies which could provide more detailed picture. OBJECTIVE
The objectives of this study were: a) Development and validation of the
originally created Pregnancy Symptoms Scale. b) Assessment of the sample size
needed for the study. c) Assessment of the health related quality of life
during pregnancy in the investigated sample. d) Comparison of health related
quality of life among the subjects where pathological conditions existed
during pregnancy and subjects with physiological pregnancy. e) Determination
of potential predictors of health and quality of life during pregnancy in the
domain of demographic, clinical, social and behavioural factors. METHOD The
study was conducted at the Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Clinic for
Gynaecology and Obstetrics Clinical Centre of Serbia (GAK KCS) in Belgrade
and the Institute for Epidemiology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade,
in the period from 2009. until 2012. year, and encompassed several stages. In
the first stage, a specific measurement instrument was created for the
assessment of health status and quality of life in pregnancy – Pregnancy
Symptoms Scale (PSS). PSS is composed of 42 items/symptoms, out of which 41
is fixed while 42. item is open, so that subjects can fill in with any other
symptom significant for them, which was not mentioned before. Fixed pregnancy
symptoms include aspects of physiological (27 items), morphological (7 items)
and mental (7 items) changes occurring in woman’s organism during pregnancy.
The items refer to five different time periods during pregnancy: period prior
to pregnancy, each individual trimester during pregnancy and the entire
course of pregnancy. In the Scale scheme, the items, namely, pregnancy
symptoms are shown in rows, while the investigated time periods are presented
in columns. Respondents fill in the scheme fields at the intersection of rows
and columns with symptom mark. A symptom mark is obtained by grading the
occurrence and expression of pregnancy symptoms ranging them from 1 (the
least intense symptoms) up to 10 (the most severe symptoms). If a symptom did
not exist at all the mark is zero. By summing up the values of individual
symptom marks in the investigated period their scores are obtained, while the
total sum of marks for the entire course of pregnancy represents the total
final score of Pregnancy Symptoms Scale – PSS. The score values obtained in
the described manner vary within the range from the minimum 0 up to the
maximum 420, mean score up to 10. PSS as a newly created measurement
instrument was validated on specific sample of 109 pregnant women. The
respondents filled in the scale independently and did it on two occasions.
The first testing was conducted after delivery while the subjects were still
hospitalised and retesting was done 40 days after delivery. The process of
validation was composed of seven parts during which the importance and
discriminant characteristics of the items and scale, content and construct
validity of the scale and reliability of PSS (reliability of internal
consistence, reliability of repeated measurement and reliability of reduced
scales) were determined. The second stage of the method implied the selection
and determination of subjects sample intended for the Study of determinants
of the health status and quality of life in pregnancy, based on adequate
statistical methods and procedures. Sufficient (optimal) sample size was
calculated, and through the randomisation process (n=6) and use of criteria
for inclusion in and exclusion from the study, the actual sample of 604
subjects, that represented the basis for further research, was created. Our
sample included pregnant women who were mostly healthy women prior the
pregnancy (with no serious chronic physical and mental diseases) and who gave
birth by the natural delivery at term to a vital child (Apgar score > 8). The
third stage regarded collection of the material for the Study of determinants
of health status and quality of life in pregnancy. The data were obtained by
objective and subjective research methods: clinical investigation (history of
illness, clinical and laboratory examination of subjects) and testing of
subjects by measurement instruments selected for this study. The subjects
filled in: Health – Epidemiological Questionnaire (ZEU), HRQoL standardized
generic instrument SF–36, Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI), Fatigue Severity
Scale according to Krupp (FSS), Acceptance of Illness/Condition Scale
according to Felton (AIS), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support
according to Zimet (MSPSS) and Pregnancy Symptoms Scale (PSS). The obtained
data were statistically processed through several successive research and
analytical stages in which determinants and characteristics of health status
and quality of life in pregnancy were established and to this effect, the
methods of descriptive, as well as univariant and multivariate analytical
statistics were used for the assessment of the significance of difference and
correlation of the investigated parameters and events. The existence of
confoundings was also analysed for the purpose of overcoming their impact on
the results of the study. RESULTS The reliability of internal consistence of
the complete PSS marks was appropriate (Cα=0.8455; CαST=0.8461). The values
Cα of each of PSS scales with a single item excluded were still within the
category of good reliability. The changes in Cα due to the exclusion of a
single item did not affect the scale reliability. The retest reliability of
the entire course of pregnancy was very high (ρmin=0.961). The total content
validity of the Pregnancy Symptoms Scale was significant and adequate
(CVR=0.851). By the analysis of the sample size assessment, it was shown that
126 subjects could be a sufficient (optimal) number both for the evaluation
of statistical parameters in the basic set and for testing the hypotheses
about actual or hypothetic (expected) effect. The subjects scored their
quality of life with 70.68 at an average during pregnancy (of maximum 100
points SF–36). The pregnant women had on the Beck’s Depression Inventory the
mean score of 3.83 (of maximum BDI 63). The fatigue severity during pregnancy
was ranked 3.53 at an average (of maximum FSS 7). The mean value of Felton’s
scale score was 13.99 (of maximum AIS 40), and Zimet’s scale score 70.31 (of
maximum MSPSS 84). PSS mean score was 2.16 (of maximum 10). According to PSS,
the symptoms in pregnancy were significant in the first trimester and most
expressive in the third trimester while in the second trimester a slight
decline was noted. The symptoms which most frequently were given the grade
ten were the feeling of happiness (296 times), frequent urination (97 times)
and frequent mood swings (93 times). The scores SF–36 (physical – PHC; mental
– MHC; total – TQL), as well as MSPSS were statistically highly significantly
correlated with the scores of all other scales (p<0.05). BDI, FSS and PSS
were not in significant correlation only with AIS. Highly significant models
of correlation, namely, linear regression equations for all three SF–36
scores, were constructed. Only the level of diastolic blood pressure was
significantly correlated with TQL, with PHC systolic and diastolic blood
pressure, the change in weight during pregnancy, and length of breast-feeding
of the third child, while the values of MHC were in significant correlation
only with the third child weight. BDI was significantly correlated with age,
length of smoking, sitting in front of TV/PC, standing in free time, month of
taking pregnancy leave, weight and BMI prior to and during pregnancy, and
also with the level of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. FSS was
significantly affected by change in weight during pregnancy, number of
miscarriages, age of the mother at the first delivery, living space and also
by the number of family members per m2 of the living space. Further, MSPSS
was significantly correlated with income, including the income per family
member, number of hours of sport activities, sitting at work and the number
of deliveries. AIS was significantly correlated with the month of preterm
delivery and the age at which the menarche occurred. PSS was significantly
correlated with the number of deliveries, weight of the third child, month of
taking pregnancy leave, change in weight and diastolic pressure. Significant
changes in TQL score values existed in relation to the categories of the
mother’s age, marital status, intensity of physical activities, recreational
activities,
Ova studija prikazuje proceduru prostorne interpolacije mjerenja dubine snijega na meteorološkim postajama koja podrazumijeva sljedeće faze: (1) prostorna interpolacija pri rezoluciji od 1 km x 1 km ...srednjih višegodišnjih vrijednosti (2005.–2015.), koja se provodi s podacima iz klimatološke baze; (2) izračunavanje dnevnih odstupanja od višegodišnjeg mjesečnog srednjaka za svaki dan i godinu tijekom razdoblja od 2005. do 2015. i njihova prostorna interpolacija; (3) prostorno-vremenski skup podataka dobiven je združivanjem procjena dobivenih u fazi 1 i 2. Odstupanja su definirana kao omjeri dnevnih vrijednosti dubine snijeg i klimatološkog srednjaka. Prostorna varijabilnost podataka korištenih u prvoj fazi objašnjena je korištenjem niza prediktora izvedenih iz digitalnog modela visina (DEM). Karte klimatoloških normala (višegodišnji srednjaci) izrađene su metodom prostorne interpolacije zvanom regresijski kriging (RK). Za odabir optimalne metode za prostornu interpolaciju odstupanja, testirane su četiri metode interpolacije i ocijenjene pomoću postupka poprečne validacije: multikvadratična, obični kriging (razdvojeni i skupni variogrami) i 3D kriging.
Koncentracije anthelmintika levamisola određene su u ukupno 85 uzoraka sirovog kravljeg mlijeka prikupljenih tijekom 2014. na mliječnim farmama iz cijele Hrvatske. Za kvantifikaciju levamisola ...korištena je metoda tekućinske kromatografije-tandemske- spektrometrije masa (LC-MS/MS) koja je validirana u skladu s kriterijima utvrđenim Odlukom Komisije 2002/657/EZ. Utvrđeni su sljedeći parametri validacije: granična koncentracija određivanja (CCα) 0,55 ug kg-1, sposobnost dokazivanja (CCβ) 0,59 ug kg-1, granica određivanja (LOD) 0,06 ug kg-1, granica kvantifikacije (LOQ) 0,22 ug kg-1, preciznost i točnost (izraženi kao iskorištenje) 97,3- 100,0 %, unutarlaboratorijska obnovljivost (RSD) 4,2- 5,6 %. Koncentracije levamisola za 45 od ukupno 85 uzoraka bile su ispod vrijednosti LOD (0,06 ug kg-1). U preostalih 40 uzoraka mlijeka, levamisol je izmjeren u rasponu od 0,061 do 0,142 ug kg-1, a srednja vrijednost je bila 0,092 ug kg-1. Zaključno, sve koncentracije analizirane su ispod LOQ vrijednosti (0,22 ug kg-1) i CCα, granične koncentracije metode.
Psihološki kapital (PsiKap) relativno je novi konstrukt koji se definira kao pozitivno psihološko stanje razvoja pojedinca, a uključuje četiri pozitivne psihološke komponente: samoefikasnost, ...optimizam, nadu i psihološku otpornost. Brojna istraživanja pokazala su njegovu povezanost s mnogim pozitivnim organizacijskim ishodima. U Hrvatskoj do danas nije provedeno nijedno istraživanje pouzdanosti i valjanosti postojećih instrumenta za mjerenje PsiKapa. Stoga je cilj ovog rada bio ispitati pouzdanost i valjanost skraćenog Upitnika PsiKapa s 12 čestica (UPK-12). U istraživanju su sudjelovala 304 zaposlenika različitog roda, dobi i pozicije u jednoj organizaciji. Konfirmatornom faktorskom analizom potvrđeno je postojanje jednog zajedničkog faktora višeg reda koji je nadređen i predstavlja četiri navedene pod-dimenzije. Unutarnja je pouzdanost skale zadovoljavajuća. Potvrđena je pozitivna povezanost između PsiKapa i poslovnog i životnog zadovoljstva, a rukovoditelji su pokazali višu razinu PsiKapa od zaposlenika. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju da skraćena verzija upitnika PsiKapa pokazuje zadovoljavajuću pouzdanost i valjanost.
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