•The numerical solution of nonlinear time fractional HIV/AIDS transmission model is found.•Convergence analysis to show that solution is positive, bounded and convergent.•Simulations for variation of ...susceptibles and infected population with time.•Study of effect of parameters on susceptibles and infected population.•Memory effects are included to discuss HIV/AIDS transmission model better.
HIV/AIDS is a lethal disease that breaks down immune system of a human body making the victim susceptible to life threatening infections, unusual malignancies or neurological disorders. HIV/AIDS is a major transmissible disease. An analysis with a nonlinear time fractional epidemic system model of HIV/AIDS transmission for humans is carried out. Its solution is found using fractional variational iteration method with convergence analysis of the series solution. The outcomes are discussed with figures that display the variation in the population of susceptible, HIV infected (with or without symptom of AIDS) and HIV infected under antiretroviral treatment with time. The results confirm that FVIM is highly reliable, efficient, effective and also easy to use.
Despite being highly preventable, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer and cause of cancer death in women globally. In low‐income countries, cervical cancer is often the leading cause of ...cancer‐related morbidity and mortality. Women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are at a particularly high risk of cervical cancer because of an impaired immune response to human papillomavirus, the obligate cause of virtually all cervical cancers. Globally, approximately 1 in 20 cervical cancers is attributable to HIV; in sub‐Saharan Africa, approximately 1 in 5 cervical cancers is due to HIV. Here, the authors provide a critical appraisal of the evidence to date on the impact of HIV disease on cervical cancer risk, describe key methodologic issues, and frame the key outstanding research questions, especially as they apply to ongoing global efforts for prevention and control of cervical cancer. Expanded efforts to integrate HIV care with cervical cancer prevention and control, and vice versa, could assist the global effort to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem.
Combating disparities is a crucial goal of ongoing efforts to end the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. In a multivariable analysis of a cohort in the Midwestern United States, ...racial/ethnic disparities in HIV viral suppression were no longer robust after accounting for other sociodemographic factors. Neighborhood deprivation and low income were independently inversely associated with viral suppression.
Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a human herpesvirus common in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In a patient with immunocompetence, long periodic asymptomatic CMV might affect to ...develop the abnormal liver function and contribute to non-AIDS defining morbidity, including chronic liver disease. This study aims to know the prevalence of liver fibrosis and steatosis in virally suppressed HIV infected patients with CMV reactive and summarize the correlation of clinical presentation with liver fibrosis and steatosis in these subjects.Method: A cross-sectional study in HIV Integrated Care Unit, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, was conducted from April 2019 until June 2020. Subjects enrolled in this study were suppressed HIV patients aged between 30-40 years with positive IgG CMV and already using stable ART for at least one year. Transient elastography measured the liver stiffness. Patients with liver stiffness above 7 kPa were defined as having significant liver fibrosis. In addition, Spearman correlation was conducted to evaluate the correlation of clinical presentation of subjects related to liver fibrosis and steatosis. Results: A total of subjects was included in this study. Dominantly male (62.5%) with average age 38 ± 4.68 years. The median amount of CMV DNA was 466 (17-21284) copy/ml. Significant Fibrosis was found in 17/80 (21%) subjects. In this study, clinical parameters correlated with liver fibrosis were insulin, glucose fasting, Homa IR, triglyceride, HDL, and platelet. A medium positive correlation was found in insulin, and Homa IR, with coefficient correlation for insulin, was r = 0.475, p 0.001; and coefficient correlation for Homa IR was r = 0 .487, p 0.001.Conclusion: The prevalence of liver fibrosis was 12% in these subjects. In addition, insulin and Homa IR had a positive correlation with increasing liver fibrosis.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has become one of the greatest public health problems threatening human health. HIV treatment presents a certain limit due to the complexity of the infection cycle ...and the low therapeutic target. New viral drug treatments should be developed for ameliorating the potentially toxic side effects and drug resistance. Nanomaterials with strong solubility and bioavailability show obvious merit in drug delivery, which can be an effective assistant to treat HIV. Herein, various novel nanomaterials were reviewed for drug delivery, including lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, micelles, etc. We also discussed the advantages and the limitations of novel nanocarriers for HIV prevention, diagnosis and treatment and prospected potential materials for HIV.
Schematic diagram of representative properties and applications of nanoparticles system. Display omitted
The precise role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among people living with HIV (PLWH) is still under debate, despite recognized links. This study aimed to ...investigate the impact of elevated IDO activity on endothelial dysfunction in PLWH. A total of 38 PLWH, who had not previously received anti-retroviral therapy (ART), were enrolled in the study. These participants were monitored for 36 months following the initiation of ART. Measurements including plasma levels of IDO activity, markers of endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory factors, and lipids. In vitro, human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) were exposed to interferon-γ, an IDO inhibitor, a kynurenine 3-hydroxylase (KMO) inhibitor, as well as different concentrations of kynurenine. Pre-ART, PLWH demonstrated notably elevated plasma concentrations of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1(sVCAM-1), and IDO activity in comparison to healthy controls. Post-ART, both IDO activity and sICAM-1 levels experienced a significant decrease, with IDO activity reaching levels comparable to those observed in healthy controls. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between IDO activity and sICAM-1 (p = 0.0002), as well as sVCAM-1 (p < 0.0001) before ART. In vitro, the augmentation of kynurenine concentration in the medium and the induction of IDO expression in HAEC resulted in increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), with minimal impact on endothelial dysfunction. From these findings, it can be concluded that long-term ART has the potential to restore the heightened IDO activity observed in PLWH. The overexpression of IDO primarily influences the expression of ROS in HAEC.
Human immunodeficiency virus–positive (HIV+) patients are not routinely offered heart transplantation (HT) due to lack of adequate outcomes data. Between January 2004 and March 2017, we identified 41 ...adult (≥18 years) HT recipients with known HIV+ serostatus at the time of transplant in UNOS and evaluated post‐HT outcomes. Overall, Kaplan‐Meier (KM) estimates of survival at 1 and 5 years were 85.9% and 77.3%, respectively, with no significant difference in bridge‐to‐transplant ventricular‐assist device (BTT‐VAD, n = 22) and no‐BTT‐VAD (n = 19). KM estimates of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) and malignancy at 5 years were 32% and 19%, respectively. Using propensity scores, 41 HIV+ HT recipients were matched to 41 HIV‐ HT recipients for idiopathic dilated‐cardiomyopathy; and there was no significant difference in post‐HT survival up to 5 years. Furthermore, only 24 centers in the United States had performed HIV+ HT during the study period, indicating that >80% of HT centers in the United States had not performed any HIV+ HT. In a cohort representative of the current status of HIV+ HTs in the United States, we found that the posttransplant survival was excellent and rates of CAV and malignancy were comparable to the overall HT population. These results should encourage greater number of centers to offer HT to suitable HIV+ candidates and help reduce unequal access to HT for HIV+ patients.
In a large cohort of HIV+ heart transplants, the authors find that HIV+ patients have excellent posttransplant outcomes similar to HIV‐ patients, results which should help reduce unequal access to heart transplantation for HIV+ patients.
Since the initial recognition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1981, an increased burden of cervical cancer was identified among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive women. ...Introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) decreased risks of opportunistic infections and improved overall survival. HIV-infected women are living longer. Introduction of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, cervical cancer screening and early diagnosis provide opportunities to reduce cervical cancer associated mortality. In line with 2030 Sustainable Development Goals to reduce mortality from non-communicable diseases, increased efforts need to focus on high burden countries within sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Despite limitations of resources in SSA, opportunities exist to improve cancer control. This article reviews advancements in cervical cancer control in HIV-positive women.
•The burden of cervical cancer and HIV-infection in women is concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa.•Cervical cancer control programs among HIV-positive women are highlighted in this review.•Gaps in knowledge exist in cervical cancer control in HIV-positive women.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase (RT)-associated ribonuclease H (RNase H) remains as the only enzyme encoded within the viral genome not clinically validated as an antiviral ...target. We have previously reported that the galloyl derivative II-25 had RNase H inhibitory activity in enzymatic assays but showed weak antiviral activity in phenotypic assays due its large polarity and poor membrane permeability. In this report, we report on a series of II-25 derivatives, obtained by addition of different hydrophobic moieties (“the wings”) at the C-2 and C-3 positions of the piperazine ring that showed improved RNase H inhibitory activity. Six compounds showed strong inhibitory activity and were found to be more potent than β-thujaplicinol in enzymatic assays. The most potent compound was IA-6 and exhibited the best inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.067 ± 0.02 μM). IA-6 was around 11 and 30 times more potent than II-25 and β-thujaplicinol, respectively. Molecular modeling studies predict a strong hydrophobic interaction between the furylmethylaminyl group of IA-6 and the side chain of His539, explaining the potent HIV-1 RNase H inhibition. Unfortunately, none of the derivatives showed significant antiviral activity in cell culture. It is worth emphasizing that most of the obtained compounds show low cytotoxicity (CC50 > 20 μM), which confirms the significance of identifying galloyl derivatives as valuable leads for further optimization.
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•Galloyl derivatives with hydrophobic moieties at the C-2 position of the piperazine ring are potent HIV RNase H inhibitors.•Double-winged strategy provides more anchor sites for novel compounds targeting RNase H active sites.•Molecular simulations illustrate a higher binding stability of IA-6 within the RNase H active site than the lead compound.
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