This book argues that the colonial confrontation was central to the formation of international law and, in particular, its founding concept, sovereignty. Traditional histories of the discipline ...present colonialism and non-European peoples as peripheral concerns. By contrast, Anghie argues that international law has always been animated by the 'civilizing mission' - the project of governing non-European peoples, and that the economic exploitation and cultural subordination that resulted were constitutively significant for the discipline. In developing these arguments, the book examines different phases of the colonial encounter, ranging from the sixteenth century to the League of Nations period and the current 'war on terror'. Anghie provides a new approach to the history of international law, illuminating the enduring imperial character of the discipline and its continuing importance for peoples of the Third World. This book will be of interest to students of international law and relations, history, post-colonial studies and development studies.
Resumo: O estudo realiza levantamento dos primeiros fotógrafos que atuaram em Curitiba/PR, na segunda metade do século XIX, destacando suas condições de trabalho e as modificações operadas nos ...procedimentos e recursos por eles empregados. Observa-se que, naquele contexto, Curitiba se caracterizava como uma pequena vila com um ritmo de vida campesino, na qual predominaram os fotógrafos itinerantes. Somente transcorridas algumas décadas, a cidade pode contar com a presença dos primeiros estúdios que ali se instalaram de forma mais perene. É o caso daquele que foi mantido por Adolpho Volk a partir de 1881, quando, mais que simplesmente fazer retratos, tornou-se necessário que sua produção funcionasse como uma estratégia de distinção social.
Abstract: The study surveys the first photographers who worked in Curitiba/PR, in the second half of 19th century, highlighting their working conditions and the modifications occurred in the procedures and resources available. In that context, Curitiba was just a small village with a peasant lifestyle where itinerant photographers predominated. Only after a few decades would the city have the presence of the first studios that stayed there for longer. This is the case of Adolpho Volk's studio, inaugurated in 1881, when the production of portraits became, not only necessary, but a way of showing social distinction.
Purpose
To explore the factors affecting the linear magnification of the intermediate fundus image during indirect ophthalmoscopy with a slit‐lamp biomicroscope.
Methods
A simple paraxial model, ...based on a ‘reduced’ eye and a ‘thin’ ophthalmoscopy lens, is used to develop equations showing the effects of the power and ametropia of the eye, and the equivalent power and position of the ophthalmoscopy lens on fundus magnification. Predicted magnifications are compared with practical results found in earlier published experimental studies, which used Volk ophthalmoscopy lenses in conjunction with physical model eyes with adjustable levels of axial ametropia.
Results
The model's magnification predictions, as a function of the eye's ametropia, are in good agreement with previous experimental measurements, provided that the equivalent powers of the Volk lenses are used rather than their labelled nominal powers. Magnification values typically change by approximately ±10% over the practical range of each parameter if other parameters are held constant. In particular, normal variations in the equivalent power of the adult emmetropic eye result in magnifications which range from about 90–120% of the nominal value given for an eye power of +60.00 D. It is demonstrated that the recommended working distances for different powers of Volk ophthalmoscopy lenses approximate optimal matching between the various pupils of the eye‐Volk lens‐slit‐lamp biomicroscope system.
Conclusions
All the parameters considered have marked effects on magnification. The magnification values quoted by manufacturers can be regarded as only approximations of those which may be found in practice. Better estimates of magnification can be obtained by inserting the appropriate parameter values into the equations derived in this paper, using, where appropriate, the equivalent power of the indirect ophthalmoscopy lens, rather than the lens' labelled, ‘nominal’ power.
After colonization, indigenous people faced an extractive property rights regime for both their land and knowledge. This book outlines that regime, and how the symbolic function of international ...intellectual property continues today to assist states to enclose indigenous peoples' knowledge. Drawing on more than 200 interviews, Peter Drahos examines the response of indigenous people to the colonizer's non-developmental property rights. The case studies reveal how they have adapted to the state's extractive order through a process of regulatory bricolage. In order to create a new developmental future for themselves, indigenous developmental networks have been forged - high trust networks that include partnerships with science. Intellectual Property, Indigenous People and their Knowledge argues for a developmental intellectual property order for indigenous people based on a combination of simple rules, principles and a process of regulatory convening.
Rethinking the role of the artist and recovering the
work of unacknowledged creators in colonial society
This volume addresses and expands the role of the artist in
colonial Latin American society, ...featuring essays by specialists in
the field that consider the ways society conceived of artists and
the ways artists defined themselves. Broadening the range of ways
that creativity can be understood, contributors show that artists
functioned as political figures, activists, agents in commerce,
definers of a canon, and revolutionaries.
Chapters provide studies of artists in Peru, Mexico, and Cuba
between the sixteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Instead of
adopting the paradigm of individuals working alone to chart new
artistic paths, contributors focus on human relationships,
collaborations, and exchanges. The volume offers new perspectives
on colonial artworks, some well known and others previously
overlooked, including discussions of manuscript painting,
featherwork, oil painting, sculpture, and mural painting.
Most notably, the volume examines attitudes and policies related
to race and ethnicity, exploring various ethnoracial dynamics of
artists within their social contexts. Through a decolonial lens not
often used in the art history of the era and region, Collective
Creativity and Artistic Agency in Colonial Latin America
examines artists' engagement in society and their impact within
it.
Contributors: Derek S. Burdette | Ananda
Cohen-Aponte | Emily C. Floyd | Aaron M. Hyman | Barbara E. Mundy |
Linda Marie Rodriguez | Jennifer R. Saracino | Maya Stanfield-Mazzi
| Margarita Vargas-Betancourt
Publication of this work made possible by a Sustaining
the Humanities through the American Rescue Plan grant from the
National Endowment for the Humanities.
Disease and discrimination are processes linked to class in the early American colonies. Many early colonists fell victim to mass sickness as Old and New World systems collided and new social, ...political, economic, and ecological dynamics allowed disease to spread.
Dale Hutchinson argues that most colonists, slaves, servants, and nearby Native Americans suffered significant health risks due to their lower economic and social status. With examples ranging from indentured servitude in the Chesapeake to the housing and sewage systems of New York to the effects of conflict between European powers, Hutchinson posits that poverty and living conditions, more so than microbes, were often at the root of epidemics.
In the middle decades of the twentieth century, transnational networks sparked a range of cultural projects focused on collecting Indigenous music and folklore in the Americas. Indigenous ...Audibilities follows the social relations that created these collections in four interconnected case studies linking the United States, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Chile. Indigenous collections were embedded in political projects that negotiated issues of cultural diplomacy, national canons, and heritage. The case studies recuperate the traces of marginalized voices in archives, paying special attention to female researchers and Indigenous collaborators. Despite the dominant agendas of national and international institutions, the diverse actors and the multidirectional influences often created unexpected outcomes. The book brings together theories of collection, voice, media, writing, and recording to challenge the transparency of archives as a historical source. Indigenous Audibilities presents a social-historical method of listening, reading, and thinking beyond the referentiality of archived texts, and in the process uncovers neglected genealogies of cultural music research in the Americas.
This book examines a decade-long period of instability, violence and state decay in Central Africa from 1996, when the war started, to 2006, when elections formally ended the political transition in ...the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). A unique combination of circumstances explain the unravelling of the conflicts: the collapsed Zairian/Congolese state; the continuation of the Rwandan civil war across borders; the shifting alliances in the region; the politics of identity in Rwanda, Burundi and eastern DRC; the ineptitude of the international community; and the emergence of privatised and criminalised public spaces and economies. This book seeks to provide an in-depth analysis of concurrent developments in Zaire/DRC, Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda in African and international contexts. By adopting a non-chronological approach, it attempts to show the dynamics of the inter-relationships between these realms and offers a toolkit for understanding the past and future of Central Africa.
Indigenous Criminology is the first book to comprehensively explore Indigenous people's contact with criminal justice systems in a contemporary and historical context. Drawing on comparative ...Indigenous material from North America, Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand, it addresses both the theoretical underpinnings to the development of a specific Indigenous criminology, and canvasses the broader policy and practice implications for criminal justice.
Written by leading criminologists specialising in Indigenous justice issues, the book argues for the importance of Indigenous knowledges and methodologies to criminology, and suggests that colonialism needs to be a fundamental concept to criminology in order to understand contemporary problems such as deaths in custody, high imprisonment rates, police brutality and the high levels of violence in some Indigenous communities.
Prioritising the voices of Indigenous peoples, the work will make a significant contribution to the development of a decolonising criminology and will be of wide interest.
Land is key to the operations of coloniality, but the power of the land is also the key anticolonial force that grounds Indigenous liberation. This work is an attempt to articulate the nature of land ...as a material, conceptual, and ontological foundation for Indigenous ways of knowing, being, and valuing. As a foundation of valuing, land forms the framework for a conceptualization of Indigenous environmental ethics as an anticolonial force for sovereign Indigenous futures. This text is an important contribution in the efforts to Indigenize Western philosophy, particularly in the context of settler colonialism in the United States. It breaks significant ground in articulating Indigenous ways of knowing and valuing to Western philosophy-not as artifact that Western philosophy can incorporate into its canon, but rather as a force of anticolonial Indigenous liberation. Ultimately,Indigenizing Philosophy through the Land shines light on a possible road for epistemically, ontologically, and morally sovereign Indigenous futures.
