Researchers conducting Monte Carlo simulation studies involving covariance structure models (e.g., the common factor model) have increasingly recognized the importance of incorporating error due to ...model misfit in simulated data. Incorporating this model error acknowledges that all models are literally false, and no covariance structure model will fit perfectly in the population. Several methods for generating data from error-perturbed models have been proposed, including the Tucker, Koopman, and Linn (TKL; 1969), Cudeck and Browne (CB; 1992), and Wu and Browne (WB; 2015) model-error methods. All of these methods require user-specified parameter values that determine the degree of model misfit to be introduced. In particular, the CB and WB methods each have a single parameter that is related to the desired Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) value for the simulated covariance matrix. In contrast, the TLK method includes two parameter values that are generally chosen to align with values used in previous simulation studies or by testing many combinations of parameter values until solutions have RMSEA values that are close to the desired value. However, although RMSEA has often been used to indicate the degree of misfit introduced by model-error methods, RMSEA alone does not provide a complete summary of model fit. To get a more complete summary of model fit, other types of fit indices like the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) should also be used. Unfortunately, the TKL, CB, and WB model-error methods do not provide a way to specify multiple target fit indices. To address this issue, I proposed an optimization procedure that allows users to specify either a target RMSEA value, a target CFI value, or both simultaneously, and then attempts to find a combination of parameter values that produces a solution with fit indices close to the target values. To test the procedure, I conducted a simulation study using the proposed multiple-target TKL method, the CB method, and the WB method to generate error-perturbed correlation matrices for models with varying numbers of factors, items per factor, salient factor loadings, factor correlations, and target model fit indices. The results of the simulation study showed that the multiple-target TKL method was more likely than the alternative methods to lead to solutions with RMSEA and CFI values corresponding to similar qualitative levels of model fit. Moreover, the multiple-target TKL method produced solutions with RMSEA and CFI values that were closer to specified target RMSEA and CFI values than the alternative model-error methods. Thus, the multiple-target TKL method should be a useful tool for researchers who wish to generate error-perturbed correlation matrices in Monte Carlo simulation studies. To facilitate its use, I wrote an R package (noisemaker) with implementations of the multiple-target TKL method, along with implementations of the CB and WB model-error methods.
Based on the analysis of two sets of data (a cross‐sectional online survey of five product categories with an average sample size of 525 and a longitudinal telecommunications panel of more than two ...million respondents), this study detects a positive relationship between the market size (purchase penetration) of Iranian e‐brands (or websites) and the percentage of customers shared with other e‐brands. This finding is consistent with the well‐established Duplication of Purchase Law; it also holds over time and across different markets (e.g., repertoire vs. subscription). Hence, this study makes a twofold contribution to marketing knowledge. First, it expands the collection of empirical evidence concerning the Duplication of Purchase, which thus far is primarily within offline contexts and Western countries. Second, it addresses issues inherent to research on e‐loyalty, such as the over emphasis on evaluating loyalty for one e‐brand at a time via complex attitudinal measures. Accordingly, this study advances consumer buying behaviour research by clarifying that, similar to offline domains and other geographical areas, e‐loyalty in this buoyant Middle Eastern market divides across a small number of e‐brands. It is also best appraised through behavioural loyalty and by comparing multiple e‐brands competing within the same market. These outcomes translate into a series of practical guidelines for the strategic management of e‐brands, improving the practical understanding how e‐brands compete and grow.
Marijuana has been used as a traditional medicine and a pleasure-inducing drug for thousands of years around the world, especially in Asia. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, major psychoactive component of ...marijuana, has been shown to interact with specific cannabinoid receptors, thereby eliciting a variety of pharmacological responses in experimental animals and human. In 1990, the gene encoding a cannabinoid receptor (CB1) was cloned. This prompted the search for endogenous ligands. In 1992, N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) was isolated from pig brain as an endogenous ligand, and in 1995, 2-arachidonoylglycerol was isolated from rat brain and canine gut as another endogenous ligand. Both anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol exhibit various cannabimimetic activities. The results of structure-activity relationship experiments, however, revealed that 2-arachidonoylglycerol, but not anandamide, is the intrinsic natural ligand for the cannabinoid receptor. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol is a degradation product of inositol phospholipids that links the function of the cannabinoid receptors with the enhanced inositol phospholipid turnover in stimulated tissues and cells. The possible physiological roles of cannabinoid receptors and 2-arachidonoylglycerol in various mammalian tissues such as those of the nervous and inflammatory cells are demonstrated. Furthermore, the future development of therapeutic drugs coming from this endocannabinoid system are discussed.
Umbilical cord blood (CB) is rich in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (SC), which have high proliferative potential. Recently, CB has been used as a source of SC transplantation. Recent results of ...cord blood transplantation (CBST) from siblings showed that CB contains sufficient numbers of SC to engraft recipients and that the transplantation of these cells was associated with a very low risk.of acute and chronic GVHD ; in Japan also, the results are promising. The New York Blood Center established a cord blood bank in 1992, and more than 500 CBSTs from unrelated donors have been performed. As a result of the success with CBST from sibling donors, a pilot bank for CB banking in Japan began in 1995 at the Kanagawa Children's Medical Center (Kanagawa Cord Blood Bank). In this report, the system of our cord blood bank is presented, and the current status of CBST, in Japan and worldwide, from related and unrelated donors is reviewed.
In an upper reach of the Ishite River, the stream water is completely diverted at a weir except under flood conditions, and is regenerated below the weir by groundwater. To investigate environmental ...factors regulating the water quality of the regenerated stream, a 6-year monthly survey was undertaken 2.4 km below the weir between 10:00 and 14:00 from January 1992 to December 1997. Using 51 samples under base-flow conditions, a factor analysis suggested that the water quality was mainly controlled by four factors. Factor 1 accounted for 22.4% of the total variance and correlated positively with Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations and CB-CA (surplus strong base concentration). Since the factor 1 score correlated negatively with the flow-rate (γ=-0.618, p<0.001), Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations seemed to be controlled by the flow-rate. Factor 2 correlated positively with Na+ and K+ concentrations and CB-CA, and was responsible for 17.4% of the total variance. Factor 3 correlated positively with SO42- and Cl- concentrations, and factor 4 correlated positively with pH and negatively with NO3-, accounting for 15.4% and 13.3% of the total variance, respectively. Multiple regression analyses showed that both Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations were controlled by flow-rate and water temperature. The flow-rate reduced both concentrations, but the temperature increased Ca2+ concentration and reduced Mg2+ concentration, resulting in an increase in the Ca/Mg ratio.
碩士
輔仁大學
金融研究所
88
Beteen venture capitalist and entrepreneur exist The problem of asymmetric information. It affect the generation of finance contract. Especia-lly asymmetric information create the ...possibility of opportunistic behavior by entrepreneur. That will decrease the incentive of capital supplier by venture capitalist, and causing some company cannot sign finance contract with fair price.
This study develop the segment equilibrium that is developed Stein (1992) is not exist, and the capital market exist lemon problem that the firm true value of good firm will be underpricing, if we refer to Trester （1998）that develop contract under the opportunistic behavior by entrepreneur, and the definition of medium company by Bagella & Becchetti (1998). Further, This study develop the multiperiod supply capital framework cannot solve lemon problem too.
This model raises Reset CB, that it combines the properties of CB against Reset Option. It is not only has the advantages of the bond-cum-equity to increase the wil
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