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Benković, Robert; Japundžić-Palenkić, Božica; Mirosavljević, Krunoslav; Benković-Lačić, Teuta; Antunović, Slavica; Čuljak, Alen
Nova mehanizacija šumarstva, 12/2022, Volume: 43, Issue: 1Journal Article
Rijeke su integralni dio tla, nastale u turbulentnim vremenima oblikovanja Zemlje, i mijenjale su se tijekom njezine povijesti. Raznolikost rijeka ne odražavaju samo različiti tipovi tla kroz koje one protječu nego ta raznolikost ovisi i o promjeni godišnjih doba i razlika između vlažnih i suhih godina. Drava je srednjoeuropska rijeka i jedna od najvažnijih pritoka Dunava. U prirodnim uvjetima pronos sedimenta u Dravi je uravnotežen, što znači da se na određenom području odnesena količina sedimenta nadomjesti istom količinom s uzvodnih dijelova sliva. Na svom toku kroz Hrvatsku Drava je tri puta pregrađena na dijelu toka uzvodno od ušća Mure, dok je prije ulaska u Hrvatsku čak dvadeset puta pregrađena. Izgradnjom hidroakumulacijskih jezera u sklopu hidroeneregetskih objekata mijenja se prirodni režim protoka, javljaju se značajne hidrološke i morfološke promjene na mjestu pregrada, kao i na dijelu toka uzvodno i nizvodno od pregrada. Izgradnja brana na rijekama smanjuje broj vrsta biljnoga i životinjskoga svijeta mijenjajući lokalne stanišne uvjete. Izgradnjom hidroelektrana dolazi i do kanaliziranja pojedinih dijelova vodotoka, gdje se mijenjaju erozijsko-sedimentacijski procesi u samom koritu. Rijeka koja je u prirodnom stanju sa svim svojim elementima najbolja je obrana od sezonskih poplava. Izgradnjom hidroenergetskih objekata mijenja se hidrološki režim, odnosno uvelike osciliraju vrijednosti protoka na pojedinim dijelovima rijeke Drave, što ima utjecaja na poplavne nizine nizvodno te na biljne vrste karakteristične za tu vrstu staništa. Glavnina biljnih vrsta koje su prilagođene poplavnim stanišnim uvjetima izgradnjom akumulacije izgubile bi većinu tla koje je pogodno za naseljavanje. Rivers are an integral part of the soil, formed during the turbulent times of the formation of the planet Earth and have changed throughout its history. The diversity of rivers is not only reflected in the different types of soil through which they flow, but this diversity also depends on the changes in seasons and the differences between wet and dry years. The Drava River is a Central European river and one of the most important tributaries of the Danube. Under natural conditions, the transport of sediment in the Drava River is balanced, which means that in a certain area the amount of sediment carried away is replaced by the same amount from the upstream parts of the basin. Flowing through Croatia, the Drava River was dammed three times upstream of the mouth of the Mura River, while before entering Croatia it was dammed as many as 20 times. The construction of hydroaccumulation lakes, as part of hydropower facilities, changes the natural flow regime, causing significant hydrological and morphological changes at dam sites, as well as upstream and downstream of dams. The construction of dams on rivers reduces the number of plant and animal species by changing local habitat conditions. The construction of hydroelectric power plants leads to the canalization of certain parts of the watercourse, thus changing the erosion-sedimentation processes in the riverbed. A river in its natural state with all its elements is the best defense against seasonal floods. The construction of hydropower facilities changes the hydrological regime, that is, large fluctuations occur in the flow values in certain parts of the Drava River, which has an impact on the floodplains downstream and on the plant species characteristic of that type of habitat. Most of the plant species that are adapted to flood habitat conditions would lose most of the soil that is suitable for settlement with the construction of the reservoir.
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