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  • Integrating black start cap...
    Pagnani, Daniela; Kocewiak, Łukasz; Hjerrild, Jesper; Blaabjerg, Frede; Bak, Claus Leth

    IET renewable power generation, 10/2023, Volume: 17, Issue: 14
    Journal Article

    Power systems are currently experiencing a transition towards decarbonisation through the large‐scale deployment of renewable energy sources. These are gradually replacing conventional thermal power plants which today are the main providers of black start services. Consequently, in case of a total/partial blackout, conventional black‐start resources may not be ready for operation. Offshore wind farms (OWFs), with their large capacity and fast controllers, have potential as innovative black‐start units, thus, the need for a new design for OWFs. Here, challenges and possible solutions in integrating black start services into offshore wind farms will be presented. The first challenge is represented by the self‐start capability. The self‐start unit should be capable of forming the wind farm power island and withstanding transient phenomena due to the equipment energisation. The investigated solution comprises grid‐forming (GFM) converters in the wind farm design, which could be battery energy storage systems (BESSs) to also increase the service availability. The challenges are analysed using simulations on a wind farm, and the proposed solutions are discussed. It can be concluded that a hybrid system comprised of a BESS and an OWF, with GFM control, applying soft‐charging, etc., represents a good proposal to provide black start services by OWFs. This paper presents the integration of black start capabilities into offshore wind farms by grid‐forming battery energy storage systems, and discusses related challenges and solutions for a real life implementation. Electromagnetic transients analysis in PSCAD is used to simulate the black start procedure of the hybrid generation system. Overall results show the feasibility of offshore wind farms delivering a resilient black start procedure.