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  • Occurrence, environmental r...
    Santos, Carolina Rodrigues dos; Arcanjo, Gemima Santos; Araújo, Ane Alice Dias; Santos, Lucilaine Valéria de Souza; Amaral, Míriam Cristina Santos

    Chemical engineering journal (Lausanne, Switzerland : 1996), 08/2024, Volume: 494
    Journal Article

    •The highest concentrations in surface waters were for BPA, BPS, and BPF.•For several surface waters the concentrations of analogues BPs were greater than BPA.•High environmental risks were found for BPA, BPAF, BPB, BPF, and BPF.•The risk of estrogenic activity was high for BPA, BPAF, and BPB.•Hybrid MBR and biologically modified MBR can be effective for BPs removal. The presence of bisphenols (BPs) in surface water is a recent environmental concern due to their potential adverse effects on ecosystem. As an aggravating factor, the monitoring and regulations of BPs in aquatic matrices are rare or nonexistent. Therefore, the present article reviewed and deeply discussed the occurrence of BPs in surface water worldwide and their effects on waterbodies, including acute and chronic toxicity and estrogenicity. In sequence, the environmental risks of BPs were calculated for the context of several countries. Also, the removal of BPs and their related risks were evaluated for several configurations of membrane bioreactors (MBR). The results showed that the highest concentrations in surface waters were for BPA, BPF, and BPS; for surface waters of several countries, the concentrations of analogues BPs were greater than BPA. Besides, many BPs were classified with high toxicity, and high environmental risks were found for BPA, BPAF, BPB, BPF, and BPS. Countries such as China, India, Portugal, and Taiwan had surface waters with high risks related to BPs. In addition, the risk of estrogenic activity was high for BPA, BPAF, and BPB. Finally, hybrid MBR, hybrid anaerobic MBR, and modification in biological MBR can be effective alternatives for BPs and risk removal; however, more investigations are necessary, mainly for analogue BPs.