Aim Studies have found that periodontal disease and tooth loss are associated with increased mortality; however, associations with cause‐specific mortality and all‐cause mortality within specific subgroups have not been thoroughly investigated. Materials and methods We examined the association of self‐reported periodontal disease and disease/decay‐related tooth loss with subsequent all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality in the Sister Study, a prospective cohort study of 50,884 women aged 35–74 years at baseline, whose sister was diagnosed with breast cancer. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the associations were calculated with adjustment for relevant confounders. Results With a mean follow‐up of 10.9 years (range 0.1–14.3), 2058 women died. Participants with periodontal disease had a slightly higher rate of all‐cause mortality (HR = 1.08, 95% CI 0.98–1.19), while participants with tooth loss had an increased rate of all‐cause mortality (HR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.05–1.26). For cause‐specific mortality, women with tooth loss had increased rates of death from circulatory system diseases, respiratory system diseases, and endocrine/metabolic diseases. Results varied in stratified models, but no heterogeneity across strata was found. Conclusions In this large prospective study, periodontal disease and tooth loss were associated with all‐cause and certain specific cause‐specific mortality outcomes.