Androgen receptor-signaling inhibitor (ARSi) drugs prolong life in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), but such tumors eventually become resistant and progress. Comprehensive positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging using fluoro-2-D-deoxyglucose F 18 (18F-FDG) for glycolysis (Glyc) and fluorodihydrotestosterone F 18 (18F-FDHT) for androgen receptor (AR) expression determine heterogeneity of imaging phenotypes, which may be useful in distinguishing patients who will benefit from ARSi drugs from those who need alternative treatments. To test the hypothesis that PET/CT-based assessments of AR expression and glycolytic activity would reveal heterogeneity affecting prognosis. Between April 6, 2007, and October 4, 2012, patients with mCRPC underwent imaging with both 18F-FDG and 18F-FDHT at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. The patients were naive to ARSi treatment with enzalutamide or abiraterone acetate and were referred during documented disease progression. Image-directed biopsy determined the presence or absence of prostate cancer at positive imaging sites. PET/CT imaging was performed with 18F-FDHT and 18F-FDG; select individual lesions were biopsied to correlate imaging phenotype with histologic findings. All metabolically active lesions were interpreted as 18F-FDHT-positive (AR1) or 18F-FDHT-negative (AR0) and as 18F-FDG-positive (Glyc1) or 18F-FDG-negative (Glyc0). Correlation was performed with overall survival for both individual lesion imaging phenotype as well as patient-specific imaging phenotype. The mean (SD) age of the 133 patients was 68 (8.6) years. Imaging phenotypes of 2405 PET/CT-positive lesions (median, 12.0 per patient) included 1713 (71.2%) AR1Glyc1, 386 (16.0%) AR1Glyc0, and 306 (12.7%) AR0Glyc1. On multivariate analysis, each phenotype had an independent negative impact effect on survival, most pronounced for AR0Glyc1 lesions (hazard ratio HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.05-1.16; P < .001), followed by AR1Glyc1 lesions (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.03-1.06; P < .001) and AR1Glyc0 lesions (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.00-1.05; P = .048). When sorted by lesion type, 4 patient-specific groups emerged: (1) concordant, with all AR1Glyc1 (34 patients 25.6%); (2) AR predominant, with AR1Glyc1 and varying numbers of AR1Glyc0 (33 24.8%); (3) Glyc predominant, with AR1Glyc1 and varying numbers of AR0Glyc1 (40 30.1%); and (4) mixed, with AR1Glyc1 plus a mixture of varying numbers of AR1Glyc0 and AR0Glyc1 (26 19.5%). Heterogeneity of PET/CT imaging phenotype has clinical relevance on a lesion and individual patient level. With regard to mCRPC lesions, most express ARs, consistent with initial benefit of ARSi drugs. On a patient basis, 49% (groups 3 and 4) had at least 1 AR0Glyc1 lesion-the imaging phenotype with the most negative effect on survival, possibly due to ARSi resistance.