The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a multifunctional protein involved in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. The goal of this study was to determine the role of mTOR in type I collagen regulation. The pharmacological inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase, LY294002, significantly inhibited collagen type I protein and mRNA levels. The effects of LY294002 were more pronounced on the collagen α1(I) chain, which was inhibited at the transcriptional and mRNA stability levels versus collagen α2(I) chain, which was inhibited through a decrease in mRNA stability. In contrast, addition of the PI 3-kinase inhibitor, wortmannin, did not alter type I collagen steady-state mRNA levels. This observation and further experiments using an inactive LY294002 analogue suggested that collagen mRNA levels are inhibited independent of PI 3-kinase. Additional experiments have established that mTOR positively regulates collagen type I synthesis in human fibroblasts. These conclusions are based on results demonstrating that inhibition of mTOR activity using a specific inhibitor, rapamycin, reduced collagen mRNA levels. Furthermore, decreasing mTOR expression by about 50% by using small interfering RNA resulted in a significant decrease of collagen mRNA (75% COL1A1 decrease and 28% COL1A2 decrease) and protein levels. Thus, mTOR plays an essential role in regulating basal expression of collagen type I gene in dermal fibroblasts. Together, our data suggest that the classical PI 3-kinase pathway, which places mTOR downstream of PI 3-kinase, is not involved in mTOR-dependent regulation of type I collagen synthesis in dermal fibroblasts. Because collagen overproduction is a main feature of fibrosis, identification of mTOR as a critical mediator of its regulation may provide a suitable target for drug or gene therapy.