Can a state be built under occupation? Can institution-building be successful prior to the liberation of one’s homeland? Until recently, for many Palestinians the answer has been no. Following the establishment of the PNA in 1994, Palestinians have been engaged in institution-building within the framework of the Oslo Accords. However, in view of continued Israeli occupation, ensuing government programmes and initiatives implemented by the international community, did not impose an independent agenda. Rather, they focused on establishing and advancing administrative functions of the PNA as stipulated by the Oslo framework. Against the background of a deteriorating political process, detailed and