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Fruchter, A. S; Levan, A. J; Strolger, L; Vreeswijk, P. M; Thorsett, S. E; Bersier, D; Burud, I; Castro Cerón, J. M; Castro-Tirado, A. J; Conselice, C; Dahlen, T; Ferguson, H. C; Fynbo, J. P. U; Garnavich, P. M; Gibbons, R. A; Gorosabel, J; Gull, T. R; Hjorth, J; Holland, S. T; Kouveliotou, C; Levay, Z; Livio, M; Metzger, M. R; Nugent, P. E; Petro, L; Pian, E; Rhoads, J. E; Riess, A. G; Sahu, K. C; Smette, A; Tanvir, N. R; Wijers, R. A. M. J; Woosley, S. E
Nature, 05/2006, Volume: 441, Issue: 7092Journal Article
When massive stars exhaust their fuel, they collapse and often produce the extraordinarily bright explosions known as core-collapse supernovae. On occasion, this stellar collapse also powers an even more brilliant relativistic explosion known as a long-duration gamma-ray burst. One would then expect that these long gamma-ray bursts and core-collapse supernovae should be found in similar galactic environments. Here we show that this expectation is wrong. We find that the gamma-ray bursts are far more concentrated in the very brightest regions of their host galaxies than are the core-collapse supernovae. Furthermore, the host galaxies of the long gamma-ray bursts are significantly fainter and more irregular than the hosts of the core-collapse supernovae. Together these results suggest that long-duration gamma-ray bursts are associated with the most extremely massive stars and may be restricted to galaxies of limited chemical evolution. Our results directly imply that long gamma-ray bursts are relatively rare in galaxies such as our own Milky Way.
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