The expression and regional distribution of cFos protein, which is an oncogene product and metabolic marker of neural excitation, were investigated in the vestibular nuclear complex following acute hypotension in adult Sprague–Dawley rats. Intravenous administration of nitroprusside elicited a 10–50% reduction in mean blood pressure for 10 min. Unilateral or bilateral chemical labyrinthectomies were performed 14 days before the start of the experiment to eliminate afferent signals from the peripheral vestibular receptors in the inner ear. All of the animals were sacrificed and the tissues were fixed 2 h after the onset of acute hypotension using the cardiac perfusion method for c-Fos immunohistochemical staining. The cFos-like immunoreactive (cFLI) neurons were expressed selectively in the central area of the medial vestibular nucleus following a 10% reduction in blood pressure. Once the blood pressure had fallen by 30%, bilateral expression of cFLI neurons was observed in the superior, medial, and spinal vestibular nuclei, but not in the lateral vestibular nucleus, of control rats with intact labyrinths. The expression of cFLI neurons increased proportionately with reductions in blood pressure. In unilaterally labyrinthectomized rats, acute hypotension induced the expression of cFLI neurons in vestibular nuclei contra lateral to the injured labyrinth, but not in the ipsilateral vestibular nuclei. However, cFLI neurons were not expressed in bilateral vestibular nuclei following acute hypotension in bilateral labyrinthectomized rats. These results suggest that afferent signals from the peripheral vestibular receptors are essential for cFos protein expression in the vestibular nuclei following acute hypotension.