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Acciari, V A; Antonelli, L A; Barrio, J A; Bellizzi, L; Bernardini, E; Besenrieder, J; Bhattacharyya, W; Bošnjak, Ž; Busetto, G; Ceribella, G; Cerruti, M; Contreras, J L; Covino, S; D’Elia, V; Da Vela, P; Delfino, M; Delgado Mendez, C; Di Girolamo, T; Di Pierro, F; Di Venere, L; Doro, M; Fallah Ramazani, V; Ferrara, G; Font, L; Fukami, S; García López, R J; Giglietto, N; Gliwny, P; Godinović, N; Green, J G; Hadasch, D; Hahn, A; Herrera, J; Hoang, J; Hütten, M; Inada, T; Inoue, S; Ishio, K; Kajiwara, Y; Karjalainen, M; Lamastra, A; Lombardi, S; Loporchio, S; Maggio, C; Makariev, M; Mallamaci, M; Manganaro, M; Maraschi, L; Mariotti, M; Miceli, D; Minev, M; Miranda, J M; Moralejo, A; Morcuende, D; Moreno, V; Neustroev, V; Nilsson, K; Ninci, D; Ohtani, Y; Palatiello, M; Persic, M; Prada Moroni, P G; Ribó, M; Rico, J; Righi, C; Rugliancich, A; Saha, L; Sahakyan, N; Sakurai, S; Satalecka, K; Schleicher, B; Schmidt, K; Schweizer, T; Sitarek, J; Strom, D; Strzys, M; Surić, T; Terzić, T; Torres-Albà, N; Ventura, S; Verguilov, V; Vigorito, C F; Vovk, I; Zarić, D; Baack, D; Biederbeck, N; Biland, A; Bretz, T; Bruegge, K; Buss, J; Dorner, D; Elsaesser, D; Neise, D; Neronov, A; Theissen, F; Valverde, J; Perri, M; Marscher, A P; Järvelä, E; Righini, S
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 06/2021, Volume: 504, Issue: 1Journal Article
ABSTRACT We report a characterization of the multiband flux variability and correlations of the nearby (z = 0.031) blazar Markarian 421 (Mrk 421) using data from Metsähovi, Swift, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, FACT, and other collaborations and instruments from 2014 November till 2016 June. Mrk 421 did not show any prominent flaring activity, but exhibited periods of historically low activity above 1 TeV (F>1 TeV < 1.7 × 10−12 ph cm−2 s−1) and in the 2–10 keV (X-ray) band (F$_{2-10\, \mathrm{keV}}\lt 3.6\times 10^{-11}$ erg cm−2 s−1), during which the Swift-BAT data suggest an additional spectral component beyond the regular synchrotron emission. The highest flux variability occurs in X-rays and very high-energy (E > 0.1 TeV) γ-rays, which, despite the low activity, show a significant positive correlation with no time lag. The HRkeV and HRTeV show the harder-when-brighter trend observed in many blazars, but the trend flattens at the highest fluxes, which suggests a change in the processes dominating the blazar variability. Enlarging our data set with data from years 2007 to 2014, we measured a positive correlation between the optical and the GeV emission over a range of about 60 d centred at time lag zero, and a positive correlation between the optical/GeV and the radio emission over a range of about 60 d centred at a time lag of $43^{+9}_{-6}$ d. This observation is consistent with the radio-bright zone being located about 0.2 parsec downstream from the optical/GeV emission regions of the jet. The flux distributions are better described with a lognormal function in most of the energy bands probed, indicating that the variability in Mrk 421 is likely produced by a multiplicative process.
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