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Zhang, Chuan-Peng; Liu, Tie; Yuan, Jinghua; Sanhueza, Patricio; Traficante, Alessio; Li, Guang-Xing; Li, Di; Tatematsu, Ken'ichi; Wang, Ke; Lee, Chang Won; Samal, Manash R.; Eden, David; Marston, Anthony; Liu, Xiao-Lan; Zhou, Jian-Jun; Li, Pak Shing; Koch, Patrick M.; Xu, Jin-Long; Wu, Yuefang; Juvela, Mika; Zhang, Tianwei; Alina, Dana; Goldsmith, Paul F.; Tóth, L. V.; Wang, Jun-Jie; Kim, Kee-Tae
The Astrophysical journal. Supplement series, 06/2018, Volume: 236, Issue: 2Journal Article
In order to understand the initial conditions and early evolution of star formation in a wide range of Galactic environments, we carried out an investigation of 64 Planck Galactic cold clumps (PGCCs) in the second quadrant of the Milky Way. Using the 13CO and C18O J = 1-0 lines and 850 m continuum observations, we investigated cloud fragmentation and evolution associated with star formation. We extracted 468 clumps and 117 cores from the 13CO line and 850 m continuum maps, respectively. We made use of the Bayesian distance calculator and derived the distances of all 64 PGCCs. We found that in general, the mass-size plane follows a relation of m ∼ r1.67. At a given scale, the masses of our objects are around 1/10 of that of typical Galactic massive star-forming regions. Analysis of the clump and core masses, virial parameters, densities, and mass-size relation suggests that the PGCCs in our sample have a low core formation efficiency (∼3.0%), and most PGCCs are likely low-mass star-forming candidates. Statistical study indicates that the 850 m cores are more turbulent, more optically thick, and denser than the 13CO clumps for star formation candidates, suggesting that the 850 m cores are likely more appropriate future star formation candidates than the 13CO clumps.
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